Grain protein responses to nitrogen applied to wheat growing on a red earth

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Dryland wheat was fertilized with ammonium nitrate or liquid urea-ammonium nitrate at the time of sowing or about 3 months later (generally at the terminal-spikelet stage) on a well-drained site near Harden on the south-west slopes of New South Wales. The experiments continued from the second to the fifth year (1981-1984) of the cropping phase of a crop-pasture rotation. The maximum agronomic efficiencies for yield in the four consecutive years were 19, 4, 23 and 25 kg grain per kg of applied nitrogen (N). The three large responses were obtained in wetter than average seasons and the small response was obtained during drought. In the last three years of the study the yield response to nitrogen at the terminal-spikelet stage was found to be close to but slightly less than that for N applied at sowing. In those years the agronomic efficiencies for the late-applied N were 0, 22 and 22. The apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground parts of the crop at maturity was up to 70% of the fertilizer applied in the year of sowing, and, after the drought during which there was little uptake of fertilizer N, up to 62% by the subsequent crop. The fertilizer efficiencies in the non-drought years were higher than generally reported in south-eastern Australia, and indicate potential for profitable delayed application of N fertilizer to wheat. Grain-protein responses were variable from year to year and are discussed against a simple theoretical background of the amount of N applied and grain-yield response.

Persistence, productivity and seed yield of Medicago murex, M. truncatula, M. aculeata and Trifolium subterraneum on an acid red earth soil in the wheat belt of eastern Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Dear ◽  
L Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Alternative Species

The persistence, productivity, and seed yield of 4 annual legume species, Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum, Medicago murex Willd, M. truncatula Gaertn var. truncatula, and M. aculeata, were compared on an acid red earth soil at Temora. New South Wales. All species persisted for 4 years but there were significant differences in herbage yields and seed reserves between species, and between cultivars and lines within species. The recently released T. subterraneum cultivar, Junee, produced superior seedling densities in 2 of the 3 regenerative years and maintained similar summer seed reserves, but carried over a higher proportion of seed (hard seed) through each winter and was as productive as the older cultivar, Woogenellup, except in late spring. The 6 M. murex lines persisted and remained well nodulated on the moderately acid [pH(CaCl2) 4.81 soil when grown with a new acid-tolerant Rhizobium strain, WSM 419. Medicago murex demonstrated potential as an alternative species to T. subterraneum for the eastern wheat belt; it maintained high seed reserves and was more hardseeded than T. subterraneum cultivars, but this did not reduce its ability to produce large populations of seedlings in autumn. While the M. aceuleata and M. truncatula lines demonstrated that they could persist and regenerate adequately over the 4-year period, neither proved to be superior to either the T. subterraneum or M. murex lines in any of the parameters.

Recovery of fertiliser nitrogen in wheat grain and its implications for economic fertiliser use

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
CC Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
Yield Responses

Grain yield, protein, and nitrogen uptake responses are reported for 6 wheat fertiliser experiments in northern New South Wales which were representative of sites that were highly responsive, moderately responsive, and non-responsive to nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied at sowing. Apparent recoveries of applied N of 33-57% in the grain were recorded where grain yield was steeply increasing in response to additional applied N. Where yield increases were smaller in response to increments of N fertiliser, N recovery was 22-3096, but where further N application increased grain protein content but not grain yield, apparent recovery of additional fertiliser N fell below 20%. Apparent recovery was less than 10% in experiments where there was no yield response to N fertiliser. The implications for fertiliser recommendations are discussed relative to potential premium payment for wheat protein levels. It was concluded that established premium payments are too low to make N application an economic proposition to increase grain protein levels in the absence of grain yield responses.

Runoff and Sediment Yield From a Semi-Arid Woodland in Eastern Australia. 1. The Effect of Pasture Type.

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Eldridge ◽  
J Rothon
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Runoff And Sediment Yield

Some hydrological characteristics of a red earth soil were examined under two pasture types at Yathong in central-westem New South Wales using simulated rainfall. Runoff and rate of sediment loss from plots dominated by perennial grasses were lower than for plots dominated by ephemerals. Time-to-ponding was less on the plots dominated by ephemerals but time-to-runoff was similar for both pasture types. On both grass and ephemeral-dominant soils, measured soil and vegetation attributes explained very little of the variation in runoff and sediment yield. The results do not support the existence of a threshold level of vegetation cover below which runoff increases markedly.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fertigation Applied to Furrow and Overhead Irrigated Cotton Grown in a Black Vertosol in Southern Queensland, Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogenes L. Antille
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Abstract.Field trials were conducted at gated pipe surface and overhead irrigation sites established to cotton ( L.) to evaluate irrigation and fertigation management using a model-based control system. The control strategies determined the timing and volume of irrigation, and the rate of fertilizer-N to apply through fertigation. For this, nitrogen (N) was applied in-crop season using urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 30% N solution) at a rate of 40 kg ha-1 N. At the furrows site, the uniformity of distribution of fertilizer-N applied through fertigation was satisfactory, which was achieved both at distance (600 m) and depth (0-600 mm). Applying fertilizer-N through fertigation, at the rate used in this study, showed relatively small (=8%) improvements in cotton yield, which was explained by relatively high N rates (180 kg ha-1 N) applied before planting. Given current price ratios (fertilizer-to-cotton), application of N through fertigation appears to be economical in both systems, but relative agronomic efficiencies and economic return from the fertilizer applied were lower in furrow compared with overhead (P<0.05). Fertigation may be recommended when pre-season N application rates are low (e.g., <100 kg ha-1 N), particularly in overhead irrigation as significantly higher efficiencies both in terms of water and N use can be achieved with this system. This would enable some of the operational constraints associated with application of N in-crop season to be overcome; thereby, reducing the need for high rates of N applied up-front. For the overhead system, there were also advantages compared with the furrow system in terms of reduced potential for N2O emissions after irrigation or fertigation. Overall, short-term (30-day period) soil emissions of N2O were approximately eight times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from non-fertigated crops were approximately two times higher in furrow compared with overhead. Emissions from the fertigated crop under the overhead system were comparable to the non-fertigated crop of the furrow system (P>0.05). In both systems, fluxes were highest within five days of irrigation or fertigation, but they decreased significantly after that time as soil moisture content (water-filled pore space) and soil nitrate levels decreased due to crop uptake. Nitrous oxide fluxes were similar in furrow and overhead 15 days after the irrigation or fertigation event. Areas that warrant further investigation are presented and discussed, including the need for improved timing of fertilizer delivery during the irrigation cycle to ensure that N losses through leaching or gaseous evolution (e.g., N2O, N2) are not economically or environmentally significant. Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, Irrigated cotton, Nitrogen use efficiency, Urea ammonium nitrate, Water-run urea.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER FORM, METHOD AND TIMING OF APPLICATION ON BARLEY YIELD AND N UPTAKE UNDER DRYLAND CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Urea, ammonium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia were compared as sources of N for barley in southern Alberta in spring and fall, using broadcast and banded applications. No significant difference in effect was found among fertilizers when they were banded at a depth of 15 cm. When broadcast, the granular forms of N were not as effective as equivalent rates and forms added in a band. Spring-applied N was more effective than fall-applied N in three of the eight comparisons made. N uptake accounted for between 18 and 54% of the added N in the 2 yr of the experiment. Fertilizer additions had no effect on barley yield when water was limited over the growing season. Key words: Nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, anhydrous ammonia, yield response

Run-Off and Sediment Yield From a Semi-Arid Woodland in Eastern Australia. Ii. Variation in Some Soil Hydrological Properties Along a Gradient in Soil Surface Condition.

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Eldridge ◽  
TB Koen
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Red Earth

Three sites on red earth soils were examined at Yathong Nature Reserve and 'Coan Downs' in central- western New South Wales. The sites represented a gradient in soil surface condition from a stable, uneroded and productive site, supporting moderately dense perennial grasses (site 1) to a moderately unstable and degraded site with few perennials and evidence of erosion (site 3). The hydrological characteristics of the three sites were measured using a rainfall simulator on plots with varying vegetation cover. Water ponded earlier at the degraded site, and run-off and sediment removal increased as the soil surface became more degraded. Associated with this was an increase in the importance of vegetation cover, and a decrease in the importance of soil physico-chemical variables as descriptors of soil hydrological properties. The results are consistent with the notion that vegetation plays a more important role in maintaining soil hydrological processes as the soil surface becomes more degraded.

RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF POINT-INJECTION AND SURFACE APPLICATIONS FOR N FERTILIZATION OF WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. JANZEN ◽  
C. W. LINDWALL ◽  
C. J. ROPPEL
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Point Injection ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Methods Of Application

Conventional methods of N application for winter wheat often exhibit low fertilizer use efficiency. The comparative effectiveness of a new method, point-injection of N solution, was evaluated in two similar microplot field experiments established in southern Alberta. The first experiment, conducted over three site-year combinations in 1985 and 1986, compared yield response and fertilizer uptake in four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: broadcast urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), broadcast urea, broadcast ammonium nitrate, and point-injected UAN, all applied in solution form. The second experiment, conducted at five sites in 1987, compared four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: surface-banded UAN, broadcast urea (granular), broadcast ammonium nitrate (granular), and point-injected UAN. All fertilizers were labeled with 15N to permit direct estimation of fertilizer uptake. The experiments demonstrated significant increases in fertilizer efficiency with point-injection under some conditions. In five of eight comparisons conducted over a 3-yr period, point-injection treatments exhibited significantly higher fertilizer use efficiency than conventional broadcast methods of application. Average fertilizer-N recovery by the crop at all eight sites was 37% in the point-injection treatments compared with only 26% in the broadcast ammonium nitrate treatment, the next most effective method of N application. When one site was excluded, because of possible confounding effects of application time, average recoveries were 34 and 26%, respectively. The increased efficiency of point-injected fertilizers was attributed to the direct placement of fertilizer N into the active rooting zone of the crop. The advantage of point-injection over conventional methods of application was highly variable, ranging from approximately 0 to over 100%, in part because of variations in precipitation patterns. The results of these microplot studies suggest that point-injection has potential for significant enhancement of fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat, particularly in semi-arid production regions. Key words: 15N, nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer placement

Fodder legumes affecting sequential crop production and fertilizer N use efficiency

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. De ◽  
M. A. Salim Khan ◽  
M. S. Katti ◽  
V. Raja
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Subsequent Crop

SUMMARYExperiments made with winter fodder crops, lucerne (Medicago sativa), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and oats (Avena sativa) and summer fodder crops, cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) showed that a sequential crop of Sudan grass yielded more after the legumes than after the cereal fodders, oats or pearl millet. The legume advantage was noted in the crop not given fertilizers but also when Sudan grass was given N fertilizer. The yield increase in Sudan grass grown after legumes was equivalent to 32–60 kg fertilizer N/ha applied to Sudan grass following pearl millet.After harvesting the legumes more available N and NO3-N was present in the soil and the apparent recovery of fertilizer N by a subsequent crop was increased by the legume.

Evidence of High Sea Level during Isotope Stage 5c in Queensland, Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Pickett ◽  
C. H. Thompson ◽  
R. A. Kelley ◽  
D. Roman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
New South ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Intertidal Sediments ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
High Dune

Thirty-nine species of scleractinian corals have been recovered from under a high dune on the western (mainland) side of North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia. The corals are associated with thin intertidal sediments and their good condition implies burial in situ and preservation in a saturated zone. Most likely this occurred as the coast prograded and a large dune advanced into the littoral zone, burying intertidal sediments and coral. The species assemblage indicates a sheltered environment but one open to the ocean without wide fluctuations in salinity. Three species yielded a mean 230Th/234U age of 105,000 yr B.P. which is significantly younger than the nearest Pleistocene corals at Evans Head, New South Wales. The corals provide evidence of a sea stand near present sea level during isotope Stage 5c, which is considerably higher than previously suggested for this period. Their good condition implies that the overlying parabolic dune is of comparable age and formed during that high stand of sea level. Also, the isotope age provides a maximum period for the development of giant podzols in the podzol chronosequences on coastal dunes in southern Queensland.

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