Prewetting rate and sodicity effects on the hydraulic conductivity of soils

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Shainberg ◽  
G. J. Levy ◽  
D. Goldstein ◽  
A. I. Mamedov ◽  
J. Letey
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Dependent Property

Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 604/2000 series. Exchangeable sodium deteriorates the hydraulic conductivity of soils. The susceptibility of soils to sodicity depends on the soils’ inherent properties, and is known to increase with an increase in clay content and the presence of 2:1 clay minerals, and decrease with an increase in sesquioxides content. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an extrinsic time-dependent property, such as soil prewetting rate (PWR), on the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of smectitic soils varying in their exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) between 1 and 10 and in clay content. Five soils were studied: a loamy sand, a loam, a sandy clay, and 2 clay soils. Air-dried soil samples with ESP of 2, 6, and 10 were packed in plexiglass columns and were prewetted from below at 3 rates (1.7, 4.25, and 50 mm/h) with deionised water. The columns were then leached at constant hydraulic head with deionised water, and flow rates were measured. The reference hydraulic conductivity (HC0) of the loamy sand was not affected by both PWR and sodicity. In the loam, HC0 was not affected by rate of wetting. However, increasing the ESP from 2.1 to 9.5 decreased HC0 from 15.8 to 5.0 mm/h for the fast wetting. Similar decreases were noted in the other 2 wetting rates. The hydraulic conductivity of the sandy clay and the 2 clay soils were effected by PWR. In the sandy clay with ESP 5.5, increasing PWR from 1.7 to 50 mm/h resulted in a decrease in HC0 from 78.7 to 3.2 mm/h The decrease in HC0 in these soils with the increase in wetting rate was ascribed to aggregate slaking. The effect of PWR on HC0 was more notable, especially at the low ESP, as clay content increased. The hydraulic conductivity of the sodic soils leached with distilled water decreased more steeply and to lower values with increasing PWR. Fast prewetting, which increased breakdown of soil aggregates, increased the susceptibility of the soils to sodicity

Exchangeable sodium, subplasticity and hydraulic conductivity of some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
High Quality ◽  
A Value ◽  
Degree Of Swelling ◽  
Quality Water

The hydraulic conductivities of beds of packed fragmented material from a variety of clay soils (mostly normal plastic but including some subplastics) and some non-clay soils, have been measured using high quality water. The degree of swelling of each packed bed (originally air-dry) was also determined. The data have been examined in relation to the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), clay content and type, and the degree of subplasticity. For the normal plastic soils, ESP influenced the hydraulic conductivity more than any other property. Its influence was independent of clay content and type. The results support the premise that an ESP much less than 15 should be accepted as the value above which soils can be adversely affected physically; a value of 5 would be more relevant. For the subplastic soils, the hydraulic conductivity was independent of ESP, and swelling was small considering their clay contents.

Amelioration of sodic soils with blue-green algae

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Subhashini ◽  
BD Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Biological Input

Algal growth resulted in significant reductions in pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and in hydraulic conductivity and aggregation status of the soil. There was a significant increase in the total nitrogen content of the soil due to algal growth. Two out of the three inoculated species of algae could establish in the pots along with the indigenous algal flora. Combination of gypsum and algal application were found to have appreciable reclamative properties, and the possibility of using algae as a biological input for the reclamation of sodic soils has been indicated.

Flurtamone Adsorption and Mobility in Three Georgia Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Philip A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Saturated Flow ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay

Flurtamone and atrazine adsorption to soil was examined using a batch equilibrium method. Flurtamone mobility in packed soil columns under saturated flow conditions was also evaluated. Adsorption was greater for flurtamone than atrazine in the three soils, and the order of adsorption to soil for both herbicides was Greenville sandy clay loam > Cecil loam > Dothan loamy sand. Greater adsorption of each herbicide corresponded to soils with greater organic matter and clay content. The14C–flurtamone movement under saturated flow conditions in 28–cm soil–packed columns was limited to 16 cm, with no flurtamone leaching from any soil column after the addition of two pore volumes of water. Seventy–five percent of the applied14C–flurtamone remained in the 0– to 4–cm soil depth in the Greenville sandy clay loam, with less than 5 percent moving to a depth > 4 cm. Flurtamone movement was greater in the Cecil loam and the Dothan loamy sand, with movement in each soil to a depth of 16 and 12 cm, respectively.

Aggregate stability of salt-affected kaolinitic soils on the North-east Plateau, Thailand

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kaewmano ◽  
I. Kheoruenromne ◽  
A. Suddhiprakarn ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The aggregate stability of 56 salt-affected soil samples from the North-east Plateau, Thailand, was related to soil properties. The soils were Typic Natraqualfs and a Typic Endoaqualf, which are commonly used for paddy rice cultivation. The soil textures are mostly clays and clay loams with clay contents ranging from 313 to 849 g/kg. The dominant mineral in the clay fraction is kaolinite with minor smectite and traces of illite and a little quartz. Aggregate stability of these soils, measured by the wet sieving method, ranges from 3 to91%. Electrical conductivity measured by the saturation extract method ranges from 0.6 to 16.2 dS/m and exchangeable sodium percentage ranges from 5 to 31%, so that the soil samples can be variously classed as saline, sodic, saline–sodic, and normal. The soil property that is most strongly correlated with aggregate stability is pH (r = –0.84) followed by exchangeable potassium (r = +0.75), cation exchange capacity (r = +0.73), clay content (r = +0.72), extractable acidity (r = +0.66), and organic matter (r = +0.66). However contrary to much published literature, no significant relationships exist between aggregate stability and exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, or electrical conductivity. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses indicated that aggregate stability of these mostly saline–sodic soils was well predicted by a combination of soil pH and clay content, which is convenient as they are properties determined in routine soil surveys. The presence of small amounts of smectite and illite may have reduced the stability of the dominantly kaolinitic soil aggregates.

A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Shaw ◽  
L Brebber ◽  
C Ahern ◽  
M Weinand
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.

Energetic relationships for crushing of soil clods

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
István Patay ◽  
Virág Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Rigid Support ◽  
Soil Plasticity ◽  
Specific Energy Requirement ◽  
The Relationship

Clod crushing is a principal problem with soils of high clay content. Therefore, there is a need for determining the conditions for clod breaking and clod crushing. The objective of the work was to develop a special purpose tool for single clod breaking both by rigid support of the clod and by a single clod supported by soil and to develop a machine for clod crushing. Furthermore, the purpose was to determine the relationship between the specific energy requirement for clod crushing in the function of soil plasticity and the soil moisture content by the means of the developed tool and machine. The main result of the experiments is summarized in a 3D diagram where the specific energy requirement for soil clod crushing is given in the function of the moisture content and the plasticity index for different clay soils.

Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽  
Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽  
Krystyna Cybulska ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Robert Biczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs > CAT > NR > POX > o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs > POX > CAT > NR > o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Hydraulic and Swell–Shrink Characteristics of Clay and Recycled Zeolite Mixtures for Liner Construction in Sustainable Waste Landfill

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7301
Author(s):  
Marcin K. Widomski ◽  
Anna Musz-Pomorska ◽  
Wojciech Franus
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Clay Liner ◽  
Compacted Clay Liner ◽  
Drying And Rewetting ◽  
Swelling Characteristics ◽  
Shrinkage And Swelling

This paper presents research considering hydraulic as well as swelling and shrinkage characteristics of potential recycled fine particle materials for compacted clay liner for sustainable landfills. Five locally available clay soils mixed with 10% (by mass) of NaP1 recycled zeolite were tested. The performed analysis was based on determined plasticity, cation exchange capacity, coefficient of saturated hydraulic conductivity after compaction, several shrinkage and swelling characteristics as well as, finally, saturated hydraulic conductivity after three cycles of drying and rewetting of tested specimens and the reference samples. The obtained results showed that addition of zeolite to clay soils allowed reduction in their saturated hydraulic conductivity to meet the required threshold (≤1 × 10−9 m/s) of sealing capabilities for compacted clay liner. On the other hand, an increase in plasticity, swelling, and in several cases in shrinkage, of the clay–zeolite mixture was observed. Finally, none of the tested mixtures was able to sustain its sealing capabilities after three cycles of drying and rewetting. Thus, the studied clayey soils mixed with sustainable recycled zeolite were assessed as promising materials for compacted liner construction. However, the liner should be operated carefully to avoid extensive dissication and cracking.

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