Seepage from small earth dams

Soil Research ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Extractable Iron ◽  
Tank Water

Tensiometers were installed to study seepage from an excavated earth tank used for farm water supplies near Badgingarra, W.A. Seepage was limited by a layer of soil about 0.2 m thick with hydraulic conductivity about one-tenth of that of soil deeper in the profile. The seepage limiting layer bounds the excavated tank. Water balances of several earth tanks were used to estimate hydraulic conductivities of soils in situ. Most of the variation of hydraulic conductivity could be accounted for by sand content, exchangeable magnesium percentage, exchangeable sodium percentage, and dithionite extractable iron in the soils. Laboratory measurements of the hydraulic conductivities of disturbed samples had no relevance to the field situation.

Estimation and Scaling of the Near-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Atle Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Structured Soils ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The hydraulic conductivity in structured soils is known to increase drastically when approaching saturation. Tension infiltration allows in situ infiltration of water at predetermined matric potentials, thus allowing exploration of the hydraulic properties near saturation. In this study, the near saturated (ψ≥-0.15 m) hydraulic conductivity was estimated both in the top- and sub-soil of three Norwegian soils. A priory analysis of estimation errors due to measurement uncertainties was conducted. In order to facilitate the comparison between soils and depths, scaling analysis was applied. It was found that the increase in hydraulic conductivity with increasing matric potentials (increasing water content) was steeper in the sub-soil than in the top-soil. The estimated field saturated hydraulic conductivity was compared with laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The geometric means of the laboratory measurements was in the same order of magnitude as the field estimates. The variability of the field estimates of the hydraulic conductivity from one of the soils was also assessed. The variability of the field estimates was generally smaller than the laboratory measurements of the saturated hydraulic conductivity.

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN THE B HORIZONS TO THE FIELD SEPARATIONS OF SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Ballantyne ◽  
J. S. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Exchangeable cation data are presented for 97 Solonetzic and 131 Chernozemic B horizons from profiles sampled on morphological characteristics, by the Saskatchewan Soil Survey. The average exchangeable sodium percentage in the B horizons of the Calcareous, Orthic, and Eluviated Chernozems was 0.95, 1.3, and 2.6; and in the Bn horizons of the Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, and Solod was 4.5, 9.4, and 4.0.Using the chemical criteria accepted by the National Soil Survey Committee of Canada for a n horizon (over 12% exchangeable sodium or more exchangeable sodium plus magnesium than calcium) only 28, 74, and 41% of the Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, and Solod, as classified in the field, would remain in the Solonetzic Order. On the basis of exchangeable cations, 4% of the Orthic and 20% of the Eluviated Chernozems would fall within the Solonetzic Order because of high exchangeable magnesium.It is proposed that a Solonetzic B horizon on the basis of chemistry be one that contains more than 4% exchangeable sodium and has a ratio of exchangeable calcium to sodium of 10 or less, in order to exclude Chernozemic soils with high exchangeable magnesium from the Solonetzic Order.

scholarly journals Hydraulic conductivity in response to exchangeable sodium percentage and solution salt concentration

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Luiz de Aguiar Paes ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes ◽  
Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire ◽  
Maria de Fatima Cavalcanti Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

Hydraulic conductivity is determined in laboratory assays to estimate the flow of water in saturated soils. However, the results of this analysis, when using distilled or deionized water, may not correspond to field conditions in soils with high concentrations of soluble salts. This study therefore set out to determine the hydraulic conductivity in laboratory conditions using solutions of different electrical conductivities in six soils representative of the State of Pernambuco, with the exchangeable sodium percentage adjusted in the range of 5-30%. The results showed an increase in hydraulic conductivity with both decreasing exchangeable sodium percentage and increasing electrical conductivity in the solution. The response to the treatments was more pronounced in soils with higher proportion of more active clays. Determination of hydraulic conductivity in laboratory is routinely performed with deionized or distilled water. However, in salt affected soils, these determinations should be carried out using solutions of electrical conductivity different from 0 dS m-1, with values close to those determined in the saturation extracts.

scholarly journals A comparative assessment of the estimates of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of two anthropogenic soils and their impact on hydrological model simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Mouna Feki ◽  
Giovanni Ravazzani ◽  
Stefano Barontini ◽  
Alessandro Ceppi ◽  
Marco Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Anthropogenic Soils ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Alternative Techniques

In this study, different methods were compared in order to determine the soil hydraulic conductivity at the saturation (K<sub>s</sub>) of two heavily anthropized soils in northern Italy: an irrigated field and a landfill cover. In situ, laboratory measurements (falling head and evaporation method) and pedotransfer functions (ROSETTA and HYPRES) were used for the K<sub>s</sub> estimation. In accordance with scientific literature, the results have shown that K<sub>s</sub> is largely dependent on the type of technique used in taking the measurements. The ROSETTA and HYPRES pedotransfer functions show quite similar performances, while their easiness and convenient use make them potential alternative techniques for the K<sub>s</sub> estimation in comparison with the in situ and laboratory measurements. The K<sub>s</sub> estimate is sensitive to the selected method and this sensitivity affects the hydrological model simulations. Therefore, none of the tested methods can be considered as a benchmark, but the results found in this study confirm that the applied method for the determination of K<sub>s</sub>, may provide a first estimate of K<sub>s</sub> to be subsequently optimised after the simulations.

Exchangeable sodium, subplasticity and hydraulic conductivity of some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
High Quality ◽  
A Value ◽  
Degree Of Swelling ◽  
Quality Water

The hydraulic conductivities of beds of packed fragmented material from a variety of clay soils (mostly normal plastic but including some subplastics) and some non-clay soils, have been measured using high quality water. The degree of swelling of each packed bed (originally air-dry) was also determined. The data have been examined in relation to the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), clay content and type, and the degree of subplasticity. For the normal plastic soils, ESP influenced the hydraulic conductivity more than any other property. Its influence was independent of clay content and type. The results support the premise that an ESP much less than 15 should be accepted as the value above which soils can be adversely affected physically; a value of 5 would be more relevant. For the subplastic soils, the hydraulic conductivity was independent of ESP, and swelling was small considering their clay contents.

scholarly journals Use of Pedotransfer Functions in the Rosetta Model to Determine Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (Ks) of Arable Soils: A Case Study

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 959
Author(s):  
Łukasz Borek ◽  
Andrzej Bogdał ◽  
Tomasz Kowalik
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Ks Values

A key parameter for the design of soil drainage and irrigation facilities and for the modelling of surface runoff and erosion phenomena in land-formed areas is the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). There are many methods for determining its value. In situ and laboratory measurements are commonly regarded as the most accurate and direct methods; however, they are costly and time-consuming. Alternatives can be found in the increasingly popular models of pedotransfer functions (PTFs), which can be used for rapid determination of soil hydrophysical parameters. This study presents an analysis of the Ks values obtained from in situ measurements conducted using a double-ring infiltrometer (DRI). The measurements were conducted using a laboratory permeability meter (LPM) and were estimated using five PTFs in the Rosetta program, based on easily accessible input data, i.e., the soil type, content of various grain sizes in %, density, and water content at 2.5 and 4.2 pF, respectively. The degrees of matching between the results from the PTF models and the values obtained from the in situ and laboratory measurements were investigated based on the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and determination coefficient (R2). The statistical relationships between the tested variables tested were confirmed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rho). Data analysis showed that in situ measurements of Ks were only significantly correlated with the laboratory tests conducted on intact samples; the values obtained in situ were much higher. The high sensitivity of Ks to biotic and abiotic factors, especially in the upper soil horizons, did not allow for a satisfactory match between the values from the in situ measurements and those obtained from the PTFs. In contrast, the laboratory measurements, showed a significant correlation with the Ks values, as estimated by the models PTF-2 to PTF-5; the best match was found for PTF-2.

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