Saturated hydraulic conductivity, dispersion, swelling, and exchangeable sodium percentage of different textured soils as influenced by water quality

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 2439-2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

scholarly journals WATER SALINITY USED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE MARINS STREAM WATERSHED, BRAZIL

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ariovaldo Antonio Tadeu Lucas ◽  
Marcos Vinicius Folegatti ◽  
Sérgio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Simone Cristina de Oliveira Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodium Percentage

WATER SALINITY USED FOR IRRIGATION IN THE MARINS STREAM WATERSHED, BRAZIL  ARIOVALDO ANTONIO TADEU LUCAS1; MARCOS VINICIUS FOLEGATTI2; SÉRGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE2 E SIMONE CRISTINA DE OLIVEIRA LUCAS3 1Professor Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS, [email protected] Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, [email protected], [email protected] em Biotecnologia de Recursos Naturais, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Núcleo Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS, [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT Water quality is vital to human activities and irrigation is an activity that uses an accentuated volume of this natural resource. An alternative is the use of water with a salinity level that does not cause damage to plants and the environment. This study aimed to assess the salinity of water used for irrigation of vegetables in Ribeirão dos Marins watershed. The water electrical conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage were obtained using the AquaChem program. Water samples used were collected in 2005, and chemical and physical parameters were assessed. Results showed that region three presented risk to salinization, but overall it is possible to conclude that salinity of the water basin has low risk of salinity. Keywords: soil, water quality, vegetables  LUCAS, A.A.T.; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; DUARTE, S.N.; LUCAS, S.C. de O.SALINIDADE DA ÁGUA USADA PARA IRRIGAÇÃO NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIBEIRÃO DOS MARINS, BRASIL     2 RESUMO A qualidade da água é vital para as atividades humanas e a irrigação é uma atividade que utiliza um volume acentuado deste recurso natural. Uma alternativa é a utilização de águas salobras, mas com um nível de salinidade que não cause danos às plantas e ao ambiente. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a salinidade da água utilizada para irrigação de hortaliças na bacia do córrego Marins. A condutividade elétrica da água, a Razão de Adsorção de Sódio (RAS) e a porcentagem de sódio trocável foram obtidos usando o programa AquaChem. As amostras de água utilizadas foram coletadas em 2005, quando foram avaliados os parâmetros químicos e físicos. Os resultados mostraram que em apenas uma região existe risco de salinização; mas no geral, é possível concluir que a salinidade da água da bacia é de baixo risco. Palavras-chave: solo, qualidade da água, hortaliças

scholarly journals Hydraulic conductivity in response to exchangeable sodium percentage and solution salt concentration

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Luiz de Aguiar Paes ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes ◽  
Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire ◽  
Maria de Fatima Cavalcanti Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

Hydraulic conductivity is determined in laboratory assays to estimate the flow of water in saturated soils. However, the results of this analysis, when using distilled or deionized water, may not correspond to field conditions in soils with high concentrations of soluble salts. This study therefore set out to determine the hydraulic conductivity in laboratory conditions using solutions of different electrical conductivities in six soils representative of the State of Pernambuco, with the exchangeable sodium percentage adjusted in the range of 5-30%. The results showed an increase in hydraulic conductivity with both decreasing exchangeable sodium percentage and increasing electrical conductivity in the solution. The response to the treatments was more pronounced in soils with higher proportion of more active clays. Determination of hydraulic conductivity in laboratory is routinely performed with deionized or distilled water. However, in salt affected soils, these determinations should be carried out using solutions of electrical conductivity different from 0 dS m-1, with values close to those determined in the saturation extracts.

SOIL AND SOLUTION pH AND SODIUM:CALCIUM RATIO: EFFECTS ON CATION EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF A SODIUM-SATURATED CHERNOZEMIC SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
THERON G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchange Properties

The effects of soil and solution pH and Na:Ca ratio in solution on the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) of a Na-saturated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil were studied. At soil pH 9.0, the exchangeable Na, Ca, and (Na + Ca) were 14.5, 25.4, and 21.8% greater than at soil pH 6.0. Solution pH (6.0–9.0) had small but statistically significant effects on the amount of Na and Ca adsorbed by the soil. The logarithm of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was related to the Na fraction in the solution by a polynomial equation, log ESP = 0.93 [Na/(Na + Ca)]2 + 0.16 [Na/(Na + Ca)] + 0.82. Not only is replacement of exchangeable Na with Ca important in the reclamation of this soil, should it become sodic and have a high pH, but also lowering of its surface charge, through lowering of its pH, would be an important factor in its reclamation. It appears impractical to reduce soil pH by applying acidified irrigation water. Acidic amendments such as gypsum and sulfur may be more suitable. Key words: Cation exchange, solution pH, soil pH

scholarly journals CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egeiza Moreira Leite ◽  
Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante ◽  
Adriana Araújo Diniz ◽  
Rivaldo Vital dos Santos ◽  
Gibran Da Silva Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Physical Degradation

CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA  Egeiza Moreira Leite1; Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Adriana Araujo Diniz1; Rivaldo Vital dos Santos2; Gibran da Silva Alves3; Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante41Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, [email protected] de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB4Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP  1 RESUMO             Uma das limitações das áreas irrigadas, nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas, ao sistema produtivo é a degradação química e física dos solos pela salinidade e sodicidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do gesso sobre a condutividade elétrica, pH, percentagem de sódio trocável, teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio do extrato de saturação e de sódio trocável de dois solos salino-sódicos: um do Perímetro Irrigado Engenheiro Arco Verde no município de Condado-PB e o outro do Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo em Sousa-PB, conduziu-se um experimento em abrigo protegido do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural do CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5 referente a dois solos e cinco doses de gesso equivalentes a 0; 3,2; 6,3; 9,4 e 12,5 g kg-1 de cada solo. Pelos resultados a incorporação do gesso exerceu efeito positivo sobre a redução da salinidade e da sodicidade dos solos. Os valores da condutividade elétrica, percentagem de sódio trocável, pH e os teores de sódio solúvel e trocável em relação aos que os solos possuíam antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram sensivelmente reduzidos e os de cálcio e magnésio incrementados com a incorporação do gesso em ambos os solos. UNITERMOS: salinidade, sódio trocável, recuperação de solo.  LEITE, E. M.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; DINIZ, A. A.; SANTOS, R. V.; ALVES, G. S.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L. SODICITY CORRECTION OF TWO IRRIGATED SOILS IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM  2 ABSTRACT             The chemical and physical degradation of the soils by salinity and sodicity problems constitutes a serious obstacle in productive irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid regions. An experiment was carried out in green house at the Soil and Rural Engeneering Department in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effect of gypsum on electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium, calcium and magnesium content in saturation extract and exchangeable sodium of two saline-sodic soils: one from irrigated Perimeter Engenheiro Arco Verde in the municipality of Condado and another from irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa,  both in Paraiba State,  Brazil.  The experiment factorial design 2 x 5 referred to two soils and five gypsum levels equivalent to 0; 3.2; 6.3; 9.4 and 12.5 gkg-1 for each soil. The gypsum application had positive effects on salinity and sodicity reduction. The valued for electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and contents of soluble and exchangeable sodium in relation to soil data before the application of gypsum treatments in both soils  decreased. KEYWORDS: salinity, exchangeable sodium, soil reclamation

scholarly journals Soil Salinity Variations in an Irrigation Scheme during a Period of Extreme Dry and Wet Cycles

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheyda Chamaki ◽  
Saleh Taghvaeian ◽  
Hailin Zhang ◽  
Jason G. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Global Population

Salinization of irrigated lands is a major challenge towards supplying required food and feed to meet the needs of an increasing global population. In this study, the changes in soil salinity and several other chemical properties were investigated in an irrigation scheme during a period that experienced severe drought followed by above-normal precipitation. Soil salinity, represented by the electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturated paste extract, decreased for the top layers and increased for the bottom layers during the study period, suggesting some level of leaching had occurred. However, the change in the average EC of top 1.5 m of the soil was not statistically significant. The change in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was not significant over the study period either. In contrast, average pH and calcium concentrations increased and decreased significantly during the study period, respectively. EC and ESP data were used in soil classification. The percentage of all sampled sites classified as saline was 60 at the beginning of the dry–wet period, but dropped to 50% at the end of this period. All tested parameters were temporally stable, preserving their spatial rank during the study period.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Use Types on Selected Soil Properties in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel Jaleta Negasa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

Rapid land use changes have been observed in recent years in central Ethiopia. The shift from natural ecosystem to artificial ecosystem is the main direction of change. Therefore, this study was initiated to assess the effects of land use types on selected soil properties in Meja watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia. The randomized complete block design, including three adjacent land use types as treatments with three replications and two soil depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm), was applied in this study. There were significant differences in some soil properties among the three land use types. Lower soil pH and electric conductivity were observed in cultivated land soils than Eucalyptus woodlots soils. This has indicated the worsening soil conditions due to the shift from Eucalyptus woodlots to cultivated land. Less decomposition rate of the Eucalyptus leaves and debris collection for fuel could result in lowest soil organic carbon at the upper layer of Eucalyptus woodlot soils. However, the highest soil organic carbon at the lower layer was observed in Eucalyptus woodlot soils. The presence of highest soil potassium, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable potassium in cultivated land soil was related to application of artificial fertilizers. Grassland soils have highest exchangeable sodium at the lower layer while highest soil carbon and sum cations at the upper layer, which can be related to the grass root biomass return and less surface runoff on grassland. There was the highest exchangeable sodium percentage on Eucalyptus woodlot soils at the upper layer; it can be due to the less surface nutrient movement and growth characteristics of the tree. The soils in cultivated land was shifted to more acidic and less electric conductivity.This shift can lead to soil quality deterioration that affects the productivity of the soils in the future.Nutrient leaching, application of artificial fertilizer, soil erosion, and continuous farming have affected the soil properties in cultivated land. The presence of highest exchangeable sodium percentage and lowest sum of cations at the upper layer of soil in Eucalyptus woodlot should be noted for management and decision makers. The previous negative speculations on Eucalyptus woodlots which can be related with the soil texture, soil moisture, bulk density, total nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, calcium, and available sulfur should be avoided because there were no significant differences observed among the three land use types in the study area. The study recommends further studies on the effects of Eucalyptus on soil properties by comparing among different ages and species of Eucalyptus. Finally, planting of Eucalyptus on central highlands of Ethiopia should be supported by land use management decision.

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