Effect of plant growth and form of nitrogen fertilizer on denitrification from four South Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Stefanson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Calcareous Sand ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Growth Chambers

In measuring losses of volatile nitrogen in sealed growth chambers, four major wheat-growing soils were used, namely, a mallisol, a red-brown earth, a calcareous sand, and a grey-brown soil of heavy texture. The rate of loss varied from 1 to 15 mg nitrogen/(kg soil/week) when nitrate nitrogen was applied to the soil; when ammonium nitrogen was used, losses were 1-4 mg nitrogen/(kg soil/week) over a 6-week period. The major component of these losses was nitrogen gas with lesser quantities of nitrous oxide. Both gases were produced by biological denitrification of soil nitrate. This was confirmed with an incubation experiment which used a portion of the same samples of soil. When nitrate nitrogen was applied to the soil, denitrification was increased by increasing soil water content and plant growth. These effects were greatest in the heavy textured soils. The application of ammonium nitrogen to the red-brown earth, mallisol, and grey-brown soil of heavy texture reduced the losses of soil nitrogen as nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. Considerable losses of soil nitrogen were recorded for the calcareous sand when ammonium nitrogen was applied. Plant growth did not affect the losses of soil nitrogen from those soils receiving ammonium nitrogen.

Effects of crop residue incorporation on soil porperties and growth of subsequent crops

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
PJ White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Major Factors

A field study was carried out on four black earths to identify major factors influencing soil and plant growth traits when crop stubble was removed from or incorporated in the seedbed. The aim of the experiment was to identify important variables for further research. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were used as both stubble species and test crops. A range of stubble quantities (596-11080 kg/ha) and qualities (C:N, C:P and C:S ratios of 24-148, 125-1600, and 182-1000 respectively) and periods of incorporation (up to 67 d) were involved. Data were analysed by paired t-tests and regression with combinations of factors. The technique used is discussed and its limitations examined. Due to logistical constraints, randomization was restricted, stubble removal technique was varied and a rotary hoe was used instead of conventional tillage machinery. Nitrate nitrogen (0- 10, 10-20 cm) was depressed when stubble was incorporated and this was related to the stubble C:N ratio. The effects on ammonium nitrogen (0-10 cm) and phosphorus (0-10 cm) were unclear. Stubble quantity was not well correlated. The importance of environmental factors during incorporation was unclear. During the inter-crop period, soil water content at 0-6 cm was significantly increased for up to 4 d after rainfall or irrigation when stubble was incorporated, and this was related to stubble quantity. It is suggested that stubble incorporation increased the volume of large soil pores which were filled by rain but subsequently dried rapidly. Likely short and long term effects of stubble incorporation on soil water are discussed. Incorporation of stubble did not consistently affect plant emergence or seedling vigour. Patchy stands in commercial crops may be due to isolated pockets of stubble formed by inadequate spreading of trash after harvesting or cultivation. Significant depressions of plant growth occurred later at sites 1 and 2 (wheat and barley) but not at sites 3 and 4 (sorghum and sunflowers). These depressions were primarily related to soil nitrate nitrogen (0-10, 10-20 cm) which was depressed by the wide C: N ratio of added stubble. Plant growth was positively correlated with stubble quantity at sites 2 and 3, and this was related to the sulfur and phosphorus contents of the stubble, respectively.

The nitrogen cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Kirchman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Chemolithoautotrophic Bacteria

Nitrogen is required for the biosynthesis of many cellular components and can take on many oxidation states, ranging from −3 to +5. Consequently, nitrogen compounds can act as either electron donors (chemolithotrophy) or electron acceptors (anaerobic respiration). The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonium. Nitrogen fixation is carried out only by prokaryotes, mainly some cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The ammonium resulting from nitrogen fixation is quickly used by many organisms for biosynthesis, being preferred over nitrate as a nitrogen source. It is also oxidized aerobically by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea during the first step of nitrification. The second step, nitrite oxidation, is carried out by other bacteria not involved in ammonia oxidation, resulting in the formation of nitrate. Some bacteria are capable of carrying out both steps (“comammox”). This nitrate can then be reduced to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide during denitrification. It can be reduced to ammonium, a process called “dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.” Nitrogen gas is also released by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (“anammox”) which is carried out by bacteria in the Planctomycetes phylum. The theoretical contribution of anammox to total nitrogen gas release is 29%, but the actual contribution varies greatly. Another gas in the nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas produced by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. The available data indicate that the global nitrogen cycle is in balance, with losses from nitrogen gas production equaling gains via nitrogen fixation. But excess nitrogen from fertilizers is contributing to local imbalances and several environmental problems in drinking waters, reservoirs, lakes, and coastal oceans.

Correction - Effects of crop residue incorporation on soil porperties and growth of subsequent crops

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Major Factors

A field study was carried out on four black earths to identify major factors influencing soil and plant growth traits when crop stubble was removed from or incorporated in the seedbed. The aim of the experiment was to identify important variables for further research. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were used as both stubble species and test crops. A range of stubble quantities (596-11080 kg/ha) and qualities (C:N, C:P and C:S ratios of 24-148, 125-1600, and 182-1000 respectively) and periods of incorporation (up to 67 d) were involved. Data were analysed by paired t-tests and regression with combinations of factors. The technique used is discussed and its limitations examined. Due to logistical constraints, randomization was restricted, stubble removal technique was varied and a rotary hoe was used instead of conventional tillage machinery. Nitrate nitrogen (0- 10, 10-20 cm) was depressed when stubble was incorporated and this was related to the stubble C:N ratio. The effects on ammonium nitrogen (0-10 cm) and phosphorus (0-10 cm) were unclear. Stubble quantity was not well correlated. The importance of environmental factors during incorporation was unclear. During the inter-crop period, soil water content at 0-6 cm was significantly increased for up to 4 d after rainfall or irrigation when stubble was incorporated, and this was related to stubble quantity. It is suggested that stubble incorporation increased the volume of large soil pores which were filled by rain but subsequently dried rapidly. Likely short and long term effects of stubble incorporation on soil water are discussed. Incorporation of stubble did not consistently affect plant emergence or seedling vigour. Patchy stands in commercial crops may be due to isolated pockets of stubble formed by inadequate spreading of trash after harvesting or cultivation. Significant depressions of plant growth occurred later at sites 1 and 2 (wheat and barley) but not at sites 3 and 4 (sorghum and sunflowers). These depressions were primarily related to soil nitrate nitrogen (0-10, 10-20 cm) which was depressed by the wide C: N ratio of added stubble. Plant growth was positively correlated with stubble quantity at sites 2 and 3, and this was related to the sulfur and phosphorus contents of the stubble, respectively.

Mechanisms of interference between hay-scented fern and black cherry

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2059-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overstory Tree

Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtiapunctilobula Michx.) interferes with establishment of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) in the Allegheny hardwood forest of Pennsylvania. In stands where fern cover is dense, black cherry seeds germinate, but seedlings do not become established. Allelopathy was eliminated as the cause of interference in previous work; the present studies evaluated the resources of soil water, soil phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and light. The impact of hay-scented fern on the level of each resource, the availability of each resource to black cherry seedlings, and the growth response of black cherry seedlings to changes in resource availability were evaluated. Hay-scented fern had little effect on soil moisture levels, nor did it affect plant availability of soil water. The level of soil phosphorus was not reduced by the presence of hay-scented fern nor was phosphorus availability to black cherry seedlings less when they grew with fern. Both the speed and degree of mycorrhizal infection and the foliar phosphorus concentrations were similar in seedlings growing with or without fern cover. Hay-scented fern had no effect on rates of ammonium- or nitrate-nitrogen production nor was the soil concentration of ammonium affected. The presence of hay-scented fern significantly reduced the soil nitrate-nitrogen concentration in the first year after a shelterwood seed cut, but not in the second. Overstory tree roots were more important than hay-scented fern in removing soil nitrate. Availability of soil nitrogen was unaffected by the presence of hay-scented fern or overstory tree roots. Black cherry seedlings grew more where ferns were absent, regardless of whether overstory tree roots were present or absent. Competitive reduction in light was the key mechanism of fern interference with black cherry. Hay-scented fern caused dramatic reductions in both the photon flux density and the ratio of red to far-red light beneath it. Black cherry seedlings survived and grew poorly in the presence of fern foliage shade. Survival and growth similar to that above fern could be restored by restraining fern foliage, allowing light to reach black cherry seedlings from above.

Changes in soil nitrogen following different establishment procedures for Townsville stylo on a solodic soil in north-eastern Queensland

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (56) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Crack
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil Total Nitrogen ◽  
North East ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Townsville Stylo

The effect of the legume Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) on soil nitrogen status was studied under mown plots with different conditions of establishment and fertilizer application on a solodic soil in north- east Queensland. Increase in soil total nitrogen 0-7.5 cm of 180 kg N per ha and total nitrogen accession (plant and soil) of 460 kg N per ha was measured over a four year period where the legume was sown into existing spear grass and fertilized with superphosphate at 375 kg per ha per year. Soil nitrogen increases did not occur until the pasture was legume dominant and main increases took place where superphosphate was applied. Under these conditions there was also a dry season accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen.

Based on HYDRUS-1D to Shifosi Reservoir Tri-Nitrogen Conversion Simulation Research in Hyporheic Zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 1683-1686
Author(s):  
Jun Pan ◽  
Te Leng ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mutual Transformation ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
Profile Depth ◽  
Nitrogen Conversion ◽  
Hydrus 1D

To study the hyporhic zone of Shifosi reservoir in the conversion process between the three main pollutants nitrogen, this paper applied HYDRUS-1D software to simulate 200cm of soil profile depth in 200 hours mutual transformation behaviors. Results show that interact in complex environment and microbial flora, under the action of the 105cm of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen fully translated into nitrate-nitrogen, 200cm nitrate-nitrogen denitrification process almost completely converted into nitrogen gas.

scholarly journals Effect of thinning on the amount of mineral nitrogen

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 289-295
Author(s):  
Holík Ladislav ◽  
Rosíková Jana ◽  
Vranová Valerie
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Given ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Insight Into

The soil nitrogen cycle and the dynamics of its transformation are closely related to the functioning of the forest ecosystem. This cycle, and the availability of nitrogen as a necessary nutrient in the soil, can be influenced by the process of thinning. The aim of this study is to describe the impact of silvicultural measures on the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in forest soil. Attention is paid to the organic (spruce treatments) and organomineral horizon (beech treatments) in which the transformation of soil nitrogen is most pronounced. Spruce treatments at the Rájec-Němčice area and beech stands at the Březina area, both in the region of Drahanská vrchovina (Czech Republic), were selected for the experiments. Two variants of thinning thinning from below and thinning from above, were performed in the spruce treatments, and thinning from above was performed in the beech treatments. Control variants with no silvicultural measures were defined in both treatments. The amount of ammonium nitrogen in the spruce treatments with thinning from above was in most cases higher than in the other variants. On the contrary, in variant with thinning from below, the ammonium nitrogen content decreased. In terms of the nitrate nitrogen content, the values were generally higher for variants with silvicultural measures than for the control variants. In the beech treatments, the amount of ammonium nitrogen increased and, on the contrary, there was a small decrease in the amount of nitrate nitrogen due to the effect of thinning from above. The differences between thinning from above and the control variants in the beech treatments were less noticeable than in the spruce treatments. Overall, however, it can be said that the nitrogen content available to the vegetation increased. The results of the given experiment provide insight into the trends of nitrogen mineralization intensity in stands in which silvicultural measures are performed.

Comparison of Factors Affecting Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Ammonium Nitrogen Extraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-yi Li ◽  
Yuan-yuan Zhao ◽  
Xiao-long Yuan ◽  
Hu-bing Zhao ◽  
Zhao-hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Factors Affecting

Fallow management, soil water, plant-available soil nitrogen and grain sorghum production in south west Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gibson ◽  
BJ Radford ◽  
RGH Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fallow Management ◽  
South West ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Gypsum Application

The effects of tillage frequency (conventional, reduced and zero), primary tillage implement (disc, blade and chisel plough), stubble management (retention and removal), gypsum application, and paraplowing were examined with respect to soil water storage, soil nitrate accumulation, crop establishment, crop growth, grain yield and grain nitrogen content for 4 successive sorghum crops on a sodic, texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland. Retention of sorghum stubble (v. removal) produced an increase in mean yield of sorghum grain of 393 kg/ha, due to increased soil water extraction and increased water use efficiency by the following crop. The highest mean yield occurred after reduced blade tillage with stubble retained. Zero tillage with stubble removed gave the lowest mean grain yield. Zero tillage always had the lowest quantity of soil nitrate-nitrogen at sowing. In one fallow, increased aggressiveness of primary tillage (disc v. blade plough) increased the quantity of nitrate-nitrogen in the top 60 cm of soil at sowing. These effects on available soil nitrogen did not result in corresponding differences in grain nitrogen content. Results indicate that for optimum fallow management on this texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland, sorghum residues should be retained, tillage frequency should be reduced, but not to zero, blade ploughing should be preferred to discing, and gypsum application should not be practised.

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