Effects of crop residue incorporation on soil porperties and growth of subsequent crops

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
PJ White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Major Factors

A field study was carried out on four black earths to identify major factors influencing soil and plant growth traits when crop stubble was removed from or incorporated in the seedbed. The aim of the experiment was to identify important variables for further research. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were used as both stubble species and test crops. A range of stubble quantities (596-11080 kg/ha) and qualities (C:N, C:P and C:S ratios of 24-148, 125-1600, and 182-1000 respectively) and periods of incorporation (up to 67 d) were involved. Data were analysed by paired t-tests and regression with combinations of factors. The technique used is discussed and its limitations examined. Due to logistical constraints, randomization was restricted, stubble removal technique was varied and a rotary hoe was used instead of conventional tillage machinery. Nitrate nitrogen (0- 10, 10-20 cm) was depressed when stubble was incorporated and this was related to the stubble C:N ratio. The effects on ammonium nitrogen (0-10 cm) and phosphorus (0-10 cm) were unclear. Stubble quantity was not well correlated. The importance of environmental factors during incorporation was unclear. During the inter-crop period, soil water content at 0-6 cm was significantly increased for up to 4 d after rainfall or irrigation when stubble was incorporated, and this was related to stubble quantity. It is suggested that stubble incorporation increased the volume of large soil pores which were filled by rain but subsequently dried rapidly. Likely short and long term effects of stubble incorporation on soil water are discussed. Incorporation of stubble did not consistently affect plant emergence or seedling vigour. Patchy stands in commercial crops may be due to isolated pockets of stubble formed by inadequate spreading of trash after harvesting or cultivation. Significant depressions of plant growth occurred later at sites 1 and 2 (wheat and barley) but not at sites 3 and 4 (sorghum and sunflowers). These depressions were primarily related to soil nitrate nitrogen (0-10, 10-20 cm) which was depressed by the wide C: N ratio of added stubble. Plant growth was positively correlated with stubble quantity at sites 2 and 3, and this was related to the sulfur and phosphorus contents of the stubble, respectively.

Correction - Effects of crop residue incorporation on soil porperties and growth of subsequent crops

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Major Factors

A field study was carried out on four black earths to identify major factors influencing soil and plant growth traits when crop stubble was removed from or incorporated in the seedbed. The aim of the experiment was to identify important variables for further research. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were used as both stubble species and test crops. A range of stubble quantities (596-11080 kg/ha) and qualities (C:N, C:P and C:S ratios of 24-148, 125-1600, and 182-1000 respectively) and periods of incorporation (up to 67 d) were involved. Data were analysed by paired t-tests and regression with combinations of factors. The technique used is discussed and its limitations examined. Due to logistical constraints, randomization was restricted, stubble removal technique was varied and a rotary hoe was used instead of conventional tillage machinery. Nitrate nitrogen (0- 10, 10-20 cm) was depressed when stubble was incorporated and this was related to the stubble C:N ratio. The effects on ammonium nitrogen (0-10 cm) and phosphorus (0-10 cm) were unclear. Stubble quantity was not well correlated. The importance of environmental factors during incorporation was unclear. During the inter-crop period, soil water content at 0-6 cm was significantly increased for up to 4 d after rainfall or irrigation when stubble was incorporated, and this was related to stubble quantity. It is suggested that stubble incorporation increased the volume of large soil pores which were filled by rain but subsequently dried rapidly. Likely short and long term effects of stubble incorporation on soil water are discussed. Incorporation of stubble did not consistently affect plant emergence or seedling vigour. Patchy stands in commercial crops may be due to isolated pockets of stubble formed by inadequate spreading of trash after harvesting or cultivation. Significant depressions of plant growth occurred later at sites 1 and 2 (wheat and barley) but not at sites 3 and 4 (sorghum and sunflowers). These depressions were primarily related to soil nitrate nitrogen (0-10, 10-20 cm) which was depressed by the wide C: N ratio of added stubble. Plant growth was positively correlated with stubble quantity at sites 2 and 3, and this was related to the sulfur and phosphorus contents of the stubble, respectively.

Effect of plant growth and form of nitrogen fertilizer on denitrification from four South Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Stefanson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Calcareous Sand ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Growth Chambers

In measuring losses of volatile nitrogen in sealed growth chambers, four major wheat-growing soils were used, namely, a mallisol, a red-brown earth, a calcareous sand, and a grey-brown soil of heavy texture. The rate of loss varied from 1 to 15 mg nitrogen/(kg soil/week) when nitrate nitrogen was applied to the soil; when ammonium nitrogen was used, losses were 1-4 mg nitrogen/(kg soil/week) over a 6-week period. The major component of these losses was nitrogen gas with lesser quantities of nitrous oxide. Both gases were produced by biological denitrification of soil nitrate. This was confirmed with an incubation experiment which used a portion of the same samples of soil. When nitrate nitrogen was applied to the soil, denitrification was increased by increasing soil water content and plant growth. These effects were greatest in the heavy textured soils. The application of ammonium nitrogen to the red-brown earth, mallisol, and grey-brown soil of heavy texture reduced the losses of soil nitrogen as nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. Considerable losses of soil nitrogen were recorded for the calcareous sand when ammonium nitrogen was applied. Plant growth did not affect the losses of soil nitrogen from those soils receiving ammonium nitrogen.

scholarly journals Plant response to mechanical resistance and air-filled porosity of soils under conventional and no-tillage system

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Silvia Imhoff ◽  
Beverley Kay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Tillage System

Roots may respond to restrictive soil physical conditions and send signals to shoots to control plant growth. Soil mechanical resistance and aeration can be managed to improve the soil physical conditions for plant growth by using different tillage systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems on plant response to soil mechanical resistance and aeration. The study was carried out on a farm, cultivated with corn, with a side-by-side comparison of no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems. Thirty-two paired sampling sites were located along two transects, located one in each treatment. Soil water content, bulk density, and plant growth were measured in each treatment. Based on the soil water and bulk density measurements, the air-filled porosity values were computed for each treatment. Soil water contents and bulk density values were converted to soil mechanical resistance by using the soil resistance curve. Plant growth varied positively with soil air-filled porosity, and negatively with soil mechanical resistance in both tillage systems. However, the decrease rates/increase rates were dependent on the tillage system. The no-tillage system somehow improved the soil physical conditions for the plants, especially when they were more restrictive, allowing them to attain greater values of growth.

Fallow management, soil water, plant-available soil nitrogen and grain sorghum production in south west Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gibson ◽  
BJ Radford ◽  
RGH Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fallow Management ◽  
South West ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Texture Contrast ◽  
Gypsum Application

The effects of tillage frequency (conventional, reduced and zero), primary tillage implement (disc, blade and chisel plough), stubble management (retention and removal), gypsum application, and paraplowing were examined with respect to soil water storage, soil nitrate accumulation, crop establishment, crop growth, grain yield and grain nitrogen content for 4 successive sorghum crops on a sodic, texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland. Retention of sorghum stubble (v. removal) produced an increase in mean yield of sorghum grain of 393 kg/ha, due to increased soil water extraction and increased water use efficiency by the following crop. The highest mean yield occurred after reduced blade tillage with stubble retained. Zero tillage with stubble removed gave the lowest mean grain yield. Zero tillage always had the lowest quantity of soil nitrate-nitrogen at sowing. In one fallow, increased aggressiveness of primary tillage (disc v. blade plough) increased the quantity of nitrate-nitrogen in the top 60 cm of soil at sowing. These effects on available soil nitrogen did not result in corresponding differences in grain nitrogen content. Results indicate that for optimum fallow management on this texture-contrast soil in south west Queensland, sorghum residues should be retained, tillage frequency should be reduced, but not to zero, blade ploughing should be preferred to discing, and gypsum application should not be practised.

Soil water repellency persistence after recurrent forest fires on Mount Carmel, Israel

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Tessler ◽  
Lea Wittenberg ◽  
Noam Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Chemical Properties Of Soils

Variations in forest fires regime affect: (1) the natural patterns of community structure and vegetation; (2) the physico-chemical properties of soils and consequently (3) runoff, erosion and sediment yield. In recent decades the Mediterranean ecosystem of Mount Carmel, north-western Israel, is subjected to an increasing number of forest fires, thus, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the long-term effects of single and recurrent fires on soil water repellency (WR) and organic matter (OM) content. Water repellency was studied by applying water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests at sites burnt by single-fire, two fires, three fires and unburnt control sites. Water repellency in the burnt sites was significantly lower than in the unburnt control sites, and the soil maintained its wettability for more than 2 decades, whereas after recurrent fires, the rehabilitation was more complicated and protracted. The OM content was significantly lower after recurrent than after a single fire, causing a clear proportional decrease in WR. The rehabilitation of WR to natural values is highly dependent on restoration of organic matter and revegetation. Recurrent fires may cause a delay in recovery and reduced productivity of the soil for a long period.

Relationship of mycorrhizal growth enhancement and plant growth with soil water and texture

1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dakessian ◽  
M. S. Brown ◽  
G. J. Bethlenfalvay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals Establishing Relationship between Saturated Paste Electrical Conductivity (ECe) and Soil:Water Electrical Conductivity (EC1:2) in Some Swell-Shrink Soils of Nagpur District, Maharashtra

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagani Sinha ◽  
◽  
Rajeev Srivastava ◽  
Jagdish Prasad ◽  
M.S.S. Nagaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Clayey Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Nagpur District ◽  
Chloride Salts

Soil salinity is a major environmental hazard which adversely affects plant growth, crop production, soil and water quality and agricultural productivity.Soil salinity is determined by measuring electrical conductivity of soil water suspension. Though saturation paste ECe closely relates with plant growth and development but its measurement is laborious and time-consuming specifically in clayey soils when large number of samples are analyzed. Measurement of EC1:2 (1:2 Soil: water suspension) is very quick and economical. Therefore, a need is felt to develop a relationship between ECe and EC1:2so that the values of EC1:2 could easily be related to ECe. For this, anexperiment was conducted on four soil series representing swell-shrink soils. Soils were artificially salinized with solutions (salt) of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2% of chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and their mixture) and replicated three times. The results indicate that a significant relationship (r=0.96) exists between ECe and soil EC1:2and soil ECe can be reliably predicted from EC1:2 in swell-shrink soils.

scholarly journals Environmentally Friendly Soil Water Conservation Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5513-5520
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cultivated Plants

The conservation of water resources through their optimal use is a compulsory for countries with water shortages in the arid and semi-arid regions, and it should be in an environmentally friendly manner to avoid the serious consequences of the use of environmentally harmful substances, the implications of which are currently evident from climate change, pollution of water bodies, soils, etc. Since Egypt is one of those countries suffering from water scarcity and uses about 82.5 percent of its water consumption in agriculture, according to data of the Ministry of Irrigation in 2010, so this research is focusing on the use of new methods to increase the efficiency of irrigation water, to achieve high productivity of agricultural crops with less water use that will certainly help to alleviate or solve the water scarcity issue. The study used a physical based model, to simulate the methods used to increase sand soil properties to ensure larger water retention index. Within this work, soil have been sampled from different areas, to simulate the behavior of arid lands, under different water retention techniques. Soil was exposed to different techniques, as it was mixed with soil additives in different quantities and different types. Physical barriers of cohesive soil and polyethylene sheets were used in addition to studying the effect of mulch on water storage capacity in noncohesive soil. Water retention have been measured using the direct method of determination soil water content by oven drying and the volumetric water content (𝞱v ) with time graphs have been plotted in groups, as well as the cultivated plants have been monitored as to measure the influence on plants growing and irrigation efficiency. And the experiment showed that the use of rice straw (RS) and wheat straw (WS) in the powder condition have a significant effect in increasing in the soil water content and even to the plant growth, the WS obtained 𝞱v values approaching the loam soil at times and slightly less in the case of RS, when the percentage of RC and WS was 30% to the sandy soil volume/volume (v/v). Also the use of mulch of RS showed a noticeable increase in 𝞱v and significant improvement of plant growth to that without mulch. These proven technologies can be used in sandy land targeted for reclamation to reduce water use in agriculture.

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