Some aspects of three-dimensional infiltration

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Talsma
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Cumulative Infiltration ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Experimental Errors

Laboratory and field experiments on infiltration from hemispherical cavities have provided data to test proposed approximate solutions for cumulative infiltration. Within the limits of possible experimental errors, the theory appears to be adequate. Gravity effects are relatively unimportant in three-dimensional infiltration. The analysis of flow from cavities therefore provides a useful means of measuring sorptivity in situ, especially where hydraulic conductivity is high relative to sorptivity. Final, steady, infiltration rates, observed in most experiments within half an hour, depended strongly on capillary properties as well as on hydraulic conductivity. The present analysis is used to interpret results reported from ring infiltrometer studies.

Infiltration from semi-circular furrows in the field

Soil Research ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Talsma
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Qualitative Agreement ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Cumulative Infiltration ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
High Hydraulic Conductivity

Experiments on a number of field soils have provided data to check the applicability of recently proposed theory on infiltration from semi-circular furrows. Although spatial variability of soil properties was rather high, the theoretical solutions adequately described cumulative infiltration. The effect of gravity on flow, which is dependent on furrow radius and the ratio of hydraulic conductivity to sorptivity, is not necessarily greatest in soils of high hydraulic conductivity. In most soils gravity effects were pronounced. Qualitative agreement was found between the observed advance of wet fronts and those the theory predicts. Steeper moisture gradients exist near the furrow than would occur near the surface during one-dimensional flow in the same soil. Some factors of relevance to furrow irrigation, and estimation of final infiltration rates from 'short furrow' tests, are discussed.

The heterogeneity of 3-D vertical hydraulic conductivity in a streambed

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangdong Wu ◽  
Longcang Shu ◽  
Chengpeng Lu ◽  
Xunhong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Permeameter Tests ◽  
D Model

The heterogeneity of vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) is a key attribute of streambed for researchers investigating surface water–groundwater interaction. However, few three-dimensional (3-D) Kv models with high spatial resolutions have been achieved. In this study, in-situ permeameter tests were conducted to obtain Kv values. A 3-D model with 443 Kv values was built comprising 10 lines, 10 rows, and five layers. Statistical analysis was done to reveal the spatial characteristics of Kv. The influence of bedform on Kv values was restricted to the near-surface streambed. Kv increased with the increasing distance from the south river bank for the upmost layer, but it was not the case for other layers and the combined Kv values of five layers; the spatial pattern at transects across the channel did not differ significantly. The Kv values of each layer pertained to different populations; the sediments of individual layers were formed under different sedimentation environments. The coupling of erosion/deposition process and transport of fine materials primarily contributed to a reduction of the mean and median of Kv values and an increase of heterogeneity of Kv values with depth. Thus, a collection of Kv values obtained from different layers should be considered when characterizing the heterogeneity of streambed.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

In situ investigation of the primary recrystallization of alpha titanium in HVEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 634-635
Author(s):  
S. Naka ◽  
R. Penelle ◽  
R. Valle
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Recrystallization ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
In Situ Investigation ◽  
Grain Growth Model ◽  
Alpha Titanium

The in situ experimentation technique in HVEM seems to be particularly suitable to clarify the processes involved in recrystallization. The material under investigation was unidirectionally cold-rolled titanium of commercial purity. The problem was approached in two different ways. The three-dimensional analysis of textures was used to describe the texture evolution during the primary recrystallization. Observations of bulk-annealed specimens or thin foils annealed in the microscope were also made in order to provide information concerning the mechanisms involved in the formation of new grains. In contrast to the already published work on titanium, this investigation takes into consideration different values of the cold-work ratio, the temperature and the annealing time.Two different models are commonly used to explain the recrystallization textures i.e. the selective grain growth model (Beck) or the oriented nucleation model (Burgers). The three-dimensional analysis of both the rolling and recrystallization textures was performed to identify the mechanismsl involved in the recrystallization of titanium.

Detection and mapping of interactions between chromatin and the nuclear envelope in drosophila embryos

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 764-765
Author(s):  
W.F. Marshall ◽  
A.F. Dernburg ◽  
B. Harmon ◽  
J.W. Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Nuclear Surface ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
Surface Harmonic ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Interactions between chromatin and nuclear envelope (NE) have been implicated in chromatin condensation, gene regulation, nuclear reassembly, and organization of chromosomes within the nucleus. To further investigate the physiological role played by such interactions, it will be necessary to determine which loci specifically interact with the nuclear envelope. This will not only facilitate identification of the molecular determinants of this interaction, but will also allow manipulation of the pattern of chromatin-NE interactions to probe possible functions. We have developed a microscopic approach to detect and map chromatin-NE interactions inside intact cells.Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to localize specific chromosomal regions within the nucleus of Drosophila embryos and anti-lamin immunofluorescence is used to detect the nuclear envelope. Widefield deconvolution microscopy is then used to obtain a three-dimensional image of the sample (Fig. 1). The nuclear surface is represented by a surface-harmonic expansion (Fig 2). A statistical test for association of the FISH spot with the surface is then performed.

Three-Dimensional Subcellular Organization of Hepatocytes in Intact Liver: Simultaneous Visualization of Cytoskeletal and Membrane Markers by Confocal Microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Greg V. Martin ◽  
Ann L. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Polarized Secretion ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
Simultaneous Visualization

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is necessary for many of the polarized functions of hepatocytes. Among the functions dependent on the MT-based cytoskeleton are polarized secretion of proteins, delivery of endocytosed material to lysosomes, and transcytosis of integral plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Although microtubules have been shown to be crucial to the establishment and maintenance of functional and structural polarization in the hepatocyte, little is known about the architecture of the hepatocyte MT cytoskeleton in vivo, particularly with regard to its relationship to PM domains and membranous organelles. Using an in situ extraction technique that preserves both microtubules and cellular membranes, we have developed a protocol for immunofluorescent co-localization of cytoskeletal elements and integral membrane proteins within 20 µm cryosections of fixed rat liver. Computer-aided 3D reconstruction of multi-spectral confocal microscope images was used to visualize the spatial relationships among the MT cytoskeleton, PM domains and intracellular organelles.

Mathematical Model Investigation of Far-Field Transport of Ocean-Dumped Sewage Sludge Related to Remote Sensing

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
C Y Kuo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Far Field ◽  
New York Bight ◽  
Mean Current

An existing, three-dimensional, Eulerian-Lagrangian finite-difference model was modified and used to examine the far-field transport processes of dumped sewage sludge in the New York Bight. Both in situ and laboratory data were utilized in an attempt to approximate model inputs such as mean current speed, vertical and horizontal diffusion coefficients, particle size distributions, and specific gravities. Concentrations of the sludge near the sea surface predicted from the computer model were compared qualitatively with those remotely sensed.

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