Field trial and modelling of different strategies for remediation of soil salinity and sodicity in the Lower Murray irrigation areas

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke M. Mosley ◽  
Freeman Cook ◽  
Rob Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Soil Dispersion ◽  
Water And Solute Transport ◽  
Gypsum Application

Rising saline groundwatertables and drought in the Lower Murray Reclaimed Irrigation Area (LMRIA) has created soil salinity and sodicity conditions, which has resulted in a decline in agricultural production. A 2 month field experiment was conducted at Mobilong irrigation area using a randomised block design with trial plots (4m2) in each of the three blocks containing the following six treatments: (1) control (not irrigated), (2) irrigation (River Murray water) only, (3) gypsum application (1.5 kg/m2) and irrigation, (4) limestone application (1.5 kg/m2) and irrigation, (5) seawater (source of dissolved Ca2+) application (100mm depth) and irrigation and (6) acid (pH 3) drainage (to dissolve CaCO3 in soil to release Ca2+) application (100mm irrigation water depth) and irrigation. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured. The decrease in EC was greatest in the irrigation only treatment followed by the gypsum and limestone treatments. At the end of the trial, the EC in the irrigation only treatment was about one-quarter of the control, in which the EC increased. The seawater and acid drainage treatments reduced the soil EC relative to the control but the EC was 2–3dS/m higher than the irrigation, gypsum and limestone treatments at the end of the trial. The gypsum, irrigation only and limestone treatments approximately doubled the exchangeable Ca relative to the control and exchangeable Na was reduced. Unsaturated water and solute transport model (HYDRUS-UNSATCHEM) simulations were able to represent the general trends in the field results. The results suggest that only River Murray water irrigation and drainage could be effective for the management of soil salinity and sodicity in the LMRIA but further research is required to establish the threshold electrolyte concentration to prevent soil dispersion.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in the Yangtze River Estuary Using Electromagnetic Induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Wenping Xie ◽  
Jingsong Yang ◽  
Rongjiang Yao ◽  
Xiangping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Yangtze River Estuary ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River Estuary

Soil salt-water dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is complex and soil salinity is an obstacle to regional agricultural production and the ecological environment in the YRE. Runoff into the sea is reduced during the impoundment period as the result of the water-storing process of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which causes serious seawater intrusion. Soil salinity is a problem due to shallow and saline groundwater under serious seawater intrusion in the YRE. In this research, we focused on the temporal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in the YRE using geostatistics combined with proximally sensed information obtained by an electromagnetic induction (EM) survey method in typical years under the impoundment of the TGR. The EM survey with proximal sensing method was applied to perform soil salinity survey in field in the Yangtze River Estuary, allowing quick determination and quantitative assessment of spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity from 2006 to 2017. We developed regional soil salinity survey and mapping by coupling limited laboratory data with proximal sensed data obtained from EM. We interpreted the soil electrical conductivity by constructing a linear model between the apparent electrical conductivity data measured by an EM 38 device and the soil electrical conductivity (EC) of soil samples measured in laboratory. Then, soil electrical conductivity was converted to soil salt content (soil salinity g kg−1) through established linear regression model based on the laboratory data of soil salinity and soil EC. Semivariograms of regional soil salinity in the survey years were fitted and ordinary kriging interpolation was applied in interpolation and mapping of regional soil salinity. The cross-validation results showed that the prediction results were acceptable. The soil salinity distribution under different survey years was presented and the area of salt affected soil was calculated using geostatistics method. The results of spatial distribution of soil salinity showed that soil salinity near the riverbanks and coastlines was higher than that of inland. The spatial distribution of groundwater depth and salinity revealed that shallow groundwater and high groundwater salinity influenced the spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity. Under long-term impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the variation of soil salinity in different hydrological years was analyzed. Results showed that the area affected by soil salinity gradually increased in different hydrological year types under the impoundment of the TGR.

scholarly journals Evaluation of sulfur source and dose on the nutritional state and production of piatã forage

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe de Melo Santos ◽  
Allan de Marcos Lapaz ◽  
Rafael Simões Tomaz ◽  
Maikon Vinicius da Silva Lira ◽  
Adônis Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Low Sulfur

Sulfur deficiency in soils has become a worldwide concern for agricultural production. This study aimed to evaluate the concequence of variable sulfur source and dosing on the nutritional status and production of Piatã forage in a dystrophic Ultisol. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The 4 x 5 factorial treatments consisted of four sulfur sources (elemental sulfur pastilles [ESPA], gypsum [GY], gypsite [GI], and elemental sulfur powder [ESPO]) and five sulfur doses (0, 50, 100, 150. and 200 mg kg-1). The sulfur applications resulted in similar maximum shoot dry mass (SDM) production (16.66 to 17.69 g pot-1) with all sources. However, Piatã grass achieved maximum production in the treatments with 112 mg kg-1 of GI, 118 mg kg-1 of GY and ESPA, and 146 mg kg-1 of ESPO. The number of tillers, the leaf:stem ratio, and SPAD increased with increasing sulfur dose. The greatest increments of root dry mass (RDM) and of the tiller number were obtained with the ESPO source. Macronutrient concentrations in shoot dry mass tissue were in the order K > N > Ca > P > S > Mg. Low sulfur supply resulted in decreased Piatã grass growth with all sulfur sources tested. Differential responses were found with applications of different sulfur sources for SDM, RDM, and tillers number. The sources did not alter the leaf:stem ratio or SPAD index.

scholarly journals Zero Tilled-Paddy Straw Mulched Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cultivation in the Coastal Saline Soils Reduce Soil Salinity, Increase Yield and Profitability

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Sukanta Kumar Sarangi ◽  
Buddheswar Maji ◽  
Parbodh Chander Sharma ◽  
Saheb Digar ◽  
Kshirendra Kumar Mahanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Net Return

Rice is the predominant crop during wet season (July–December) and majority of land remain fallow during dry season (January–June) in the coastal saline region of West Bengal, India. Sustainable cropping system intensification in this salt affected region needs improved package of practices which conserve soil moisture, facilitate early crop establishment, ensures profitability and has positive effect on soil health. To achieve these objectives in a rice-based cropping system, we evaluated seven treatments for potato crop during the dry season viz. T1: ridge sowing (control), T2: Zero tillage (ZT) sowing with 9 t ha−1 paddy straw mulching (PSM), T3: T2 + foliar spray of nutrients, T4: ZT sowing with 12 t ha−1 PSM, T5: T4 + foliar spray of nutrients, T6: ZT sowing with 15 t ha−1 PSM, T7: T6 + foliar spray of nutrients in randomized block design with five replications. This study was conducted during 2016-2019 in the Gosaba island of the Indian Sundarbans. Cost of cultivation of potato reduced by about 27% due to ZT sowing (₹ 81,287 ha−1) compared to ridge sowing (₹ 1,11,260 ha−1). Tuber yield, net return and irrigation water productivity was significantly increased in T5, T6 and T7 over other treatments. There was reduction in soil salinity (ECe reduced from 5 to 3 dS m−1), bulk density (from 1.49 to 1.44 Mg m−3), irrigation water use (less 20 cm), conservation of soil moisture (4–8%), and increase in organic carbon (0.39 to 0.44%) due to ZT sowing with PSM. Rice-ZT potato-green gram cropping system was the most profitable one with highest net return (₹ 1,71,752 ha−1), however, the benefit-cost ratio was highest (2.33) with Rice-ZT potato cropping system.

A RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATING WEIGHTED SOIL SALINITY FROM APPARENT SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASURED WITH AN ABOVEGROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION METER

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. WOLLENHAUPT ◽  
J. L. RICHARDSON ◽  
J. E. FOSS ◽  
E. C. DOLL
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Parent Materials

This study presents a method for calibrating electromagnetic induction instrument readings with saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe) for field mapping purposes. Each meter reading represents an integration of the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) over the meter’s response depth. To correlate the meter readings with measured ECe within soil depth increments, several pedons representing a range of soil salinity for the survey area were sampled in 30-cm increments to a depth corresponding to the meter response. A weighting procedure based on the meter response-depth function was developed to condense the multiple ECe by depth measurements into a single weighted area specific value. These values were correlated with the apparent soil electric conductivity from the electromagnetic induction instrument by simple linear regression. This technique is designed for soil association of similar parent materials. The resulting regression equation yields a quick reliable equation that avoids complex mathematics and converts the instrument readings into weighted forms of commonly used saturated paste electrical conductivity values. Key words: Soil survey, electrical resistance

scholarly journals Soil management and application of agricultural gypsum in a Planosol for soybean cultivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enio Marchesan ◽  
Felipe Tonetto ◽  
Gustavo Mack Teló ◽  
Lucas Lopes Coelho ◽  
Bruno Behenck Aramburu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Gypsum Application

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of soil management systems, tillage, and application of gypsum agricultural to soil, on soybean development in lowland areas. The experiment was carried out on an Alfisol in a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The two soil tillage practices were without deep tillage and with deep tillage. Gypsum treatments were no gypsum application, 500kg of gypsum ha-1, 1000kg of gypsum ha-1, and 1500kg of gypsum ha-1. Deep tillage resulted in less soil resistance to root penetration during ryegrass cultivation during the soybean offseason, 11 months after applying the management treatments, resulting in higher dry mass of ryegrass in the offseason and higher soybean yield in the following year.

scholarly journals METODOLOGIA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA SALINIDADE DO SOLO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf ◽  
Edson Eiji Matsura
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Vacuum Solution ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Salinity Levels

METODOLOGIA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA SALINIDADE DO SOLO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO  Sérgio Oliveira Pinto de Queiroz1; Roberto Testezlaf2; Edson Eiji Matsura21Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Juazeiro, BA,  [email protected]. 2Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP  1 RESUMO Em condições de ambiente protegido a irrigação é essencial e a fertirrigação um agente facilitador do manejo da água e fertilização do solo; todavia, o uso contínuo e nem sempre adequado pode elevar a salinidade do solo, comprometendo o processo produtivo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar uma metodologia para caracterizar a ocorrência de salinização em cultivos protegidos, usando diferentes métodos para determinação da condutividade elétrica do solo. Em laboratório foram avaliados os equipamentos Sensor Sigma Probe EC1, da Delta-T e extratores de solução do solo à vácuo. Os equipamentos foram utilizados em três solos com diferentes texturas e sob cinco níveis de salinidade: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 12 dS. m-1 a 25° C. Os resultados obtidos pelos métodos avaliados foram comparados ao método do extrato de saturação. O equipamento Sigma Probe EC1, por apresentar melhor correlação com o método de referência na fase laboratorial, foi utilizado nas visitas as propriedades, sob produção em ambiente protegido, na macrorregião de Campinas, revelou ser mais eficiente. A aplicação do questionário associada às leituras de condutividade elétrica do solo com o sensor Sigma Probe permitiu diagnosticar a deficiência no manejo da água e condutividade elétrica nas propriedades avaliadas. Os valores obtidos de condutividade elétrica no extrato de saturação do solo para as propriedades visitadas, não caracterizam solos salinos, mas podem afetar a produção de flores e outras plantas sensíveis à salinidade. UNITERMOS: manejo da irrigação; fertirrigação.  QUEIROZ, S. O. P. de.; TESTEZLAF, R.; MATSURA, E. E. METHODOLOGY FOR SOIL SALINITY EVALUATION IN GREENHOUSE  2 ABSTRACT Under controlled environmental conditions, irrigation is essential and the use of fertigation becomes a facilitator agent for water and fertilization management. However, the intensive use of fertigation in this type of productive process can increase soil salinity, and affect productive process. This work objective was to evaluate a methodology in order to characterize the salinization process occurrence of in greenhouse farms using different methods to determine soil electric conductivity l. Sigma Probe EC1, manufactured by Delta-T and vacuum solution manufactured extractors were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The equipment was used in three different soil textures, under five salinity levels: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 dS. m-1 at 25° C. The obtained results of electric conductivity were compared to the saturation extract method. The Sigma Probe EC1 equipment was used in farm visits, with controlled environmental production inCampinas macro region. Among the used equipment in the laboratorial part, the sigma Probe EC1 presented the best results for soil electrical conductivity determination, when compared to saturation extract, in saline and non saline soils. Using the questionnaire for electric conductivity determinations using Sigma Probe sensor it was possible to verify the deficiency in the soil moisture and electrical conductivity management. The obtained results for electric conductivity using the saturation extract methods do not characterize saline soils on the visited farms, but they showed that the salinity levels in the soil could affect flower production and other crops sensitive to salinity. KEYWORDS: irrigation management, fertigation.

scholarly journals Morphological Changes in Sugarcane as a Function of Metallurgic Slag and Gypsum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Paulo R. A. Clemente ◽  
Benigno F. A. de Almeida ◽  
Diogo H. de A. B. ◽  
André L. J. Silva ◽  
Vinicius S. G. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Sugarcane Plant ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Seasonal Droughts ◽  
Sugarcane Ratoon

Drought associated with soil acidity and exchangeable Al3+ in depth are one of the main limiting factors in agricultural production in Northeast Brazil. Acidity correctives such as limestone, metallurgy slag, and gypsum are alternatives to minimize the effects of seasonal droughts on the crop. A field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the slag and gypsum on the morphological aspects and productivity of sugarcane during two crop cycles. A randomized block design in subdivided plots scheme with four replications was used. The plot consisted of five rows of 10 m length each, spaced 1 m from each other. Treatments consisted of five levels of metallurgy slag (0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 Mg ha-1) and two levels of gypsum (0 and 1.9 Mg ha-1). Slag and gypsum had no effect on sugarcane plant yield. However, regarding sugarcane ratoon, slag increased the yield per hectare by 1.96 Mg ha-1 and sugar yield by 0.33 Mg ha-1 per Mg of applied slag. Slag and gypsum provided better biomass allocation to the root system and improved root distribution along the soil profile.

scholarly journals Yield of different rice cultivars at two levels of soil salinity under seawater intrusion in West Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuning Argo Subekti ◽  
Hasil Sembiring ◽  
Erythrina ◽  
Dedi Nugraha ◽  
Bhakti Priatmojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
West Java ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Salt Tolerant Cultivars

Abstract. Subekti NA, Sembiring H, Erythrina, Nugraha D, Priatmojo B, Nafisah. 2020. Yield of different rice cultivars at two levels of soil salinity under seawater intrusion in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 14-20. A tendency to use saline water in rice production is rising in recent years, but the adaptation of variety under saline conditions is still questionable. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of several rice cultivars on the growth and yield of rice under seawater intrusion in West Java. Two salt-tolerant cultivars (Inpari 34 and Inpari 35), two promising lines (PL-1 and PL-2) and two modern cultivars (Inpari 30 (Ciherang sub1) and Sidenuk) were evaluated in two soil salinity levels. In each farmer's field a Randomized Complete Block Design was applied with three replications per treatment. Results showed that Sidenuk and Inpari 30 produced same yield compared to tolerant varieties and promising lines during dry season under moderate soil salinity. There were not much different among the cultivars tested in terms of plant height and tiller number as well as the biomass and harvest index. However, under high soil salinity seed germination, plant height, number of tillers per plant, above-ground biomass, spikelet number, percent of sterile florets and productivity were significantly affected. Saline tolerant varieties Inpari 34 and Inpari 35 showed their superiority compared to non-tolerant varieties. Both varieties produced 40% higher yield than Inpari 30 (Ciherang sub 1) and Sidenuk.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Induction Measurements for Investigating Soil Salinization Caused by Saline Reclaimed Water

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Lorenzo De Carlo ◽  
Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi ◽  
Maria Clementina Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Short Period

This paper focused on the use of electromagnetic induction measurements in order to investigate soil salinization caused by irrigation with saline reclaimed water. An experimental activity was carried out during the growing season of tomato crop in order to evaluate expected soil salinization effects caused by different saline agro-industrial wastewaters used as irrigation sources. Soil electrical conductivity, strictly related to the soil salinity, has been monitored for three months by means of Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) measurements, and evident differences in the soil response have been observed. The study highlighted two aspects that can improve soil investigation due to the utilization of geophysical tools. First, EMI data can map large areas in a short period of time with an unprecedented level of detail by overcoming practical difficulties in order to massively sample soil. At the same time, repeated measurements over time allow updating real-time soil salinity maps by using accurate correlations with soil electrical conductivity. This application points out how integrated agro-geophysical research approaches can play a strategic role in agricultural saline water management in order to prevent soil salinization risks in medium to long-term periods.

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