Effect of variable soil phosphorus on phosphorus concentrations in simulated surface runoff under intensive dairy pastures

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
W. J. Dougherty ◽  
S. M. Carlson ◽  
D. J. Donaghy
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships

Intensive dairy operations in Australia regularly apply P fertiliser to maintain productive pasture species. However, extractable soil test P (STP) concentrations in this industry commonly exceed those required to maximise pasture production, a situation which can increase the risk of P loss to surrounding waterways. The current study examined relationships between STP (Olsen P and CaCl2 P) and surface runoff P concentrations from a red silty loam (Ferrosol), commonly used for pasture production in south-eastern Australia. Soil was mixed and re-packed into soil trays and a rainfall simulator was used to generate surface runoff. A wide range of soil Olsen P concentrations (0–20 mm, 15–724 mg/kg; 0–100 mm, 9–166 mg/kg) was created by surface-applying a range of P fertiliser rates 8 months before the rainfall simulations. A comparison of the 2 STP methods suggests that Australian soils have higher labile P concentrations for given Olsen P concentrations compared with those measured internationally, suggesting a greater likelihood of P loss in runoff. Furthermore, significant curvilinear relationships between STP and dissolved reactive P (DRP <0.45 µm) in surface runoff for both Olsen P depths (0–20 mm, r2 = 0.94; 0–100 mm, r2 = 0.91; P < 0.01) were determined, as well as significant linear relationships between DRP and both CaCl2 depths (0–20 mm, r2 = 0.83; 0–100 mm, r2 = 0.92; P < 0.01). This confirmed that the concentrations of P in surface runoff increased with increasing STP, providing further evidence of an urgent need to reduce excessive STP concentrations, to reduce the risk of P loss to the environment.

Changes in soil phosphorus availability and potential phosphorus loss following cessation of phosphorus fertiliser inputs

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Dodd ◽  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
L. M. Condron
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
P Retention

Long-term application of phosphorus (P) fertilisers to agricultural soils can lead to in the accumulation of P in soil. Determining the rate of decline in soil P following the cessation of P fertiliser inputs is critical to evaluating the potential for reducing P loss to surface waters. The aim of this study was to use isotope exchange kinetics to investigate the rate of decline in soil P pools and the distribution of P within these pools in grazed grassland soils following a halt to P fertiliser application. Soils were sourced from three long-term grassland trials in New Zealand, two of which were managed as sheep-grazed pasture and one where the grass was regularly cut and removed. There was no significant change in total soil P over the duration of each trial between any of the treatments, although there was a significant decrease in total inorganic P on two of the sites accompanied by an increase in the organic P pool, suggesting that over time P was becoming occluded within organic matter, reducing the plant availability. An equation was generated using the soil-P concentration exchangeable within 1 min (E1 min) and P retention of the soil to predict the time it would take for the water-extractable P (WEP) concentration to decline to a target value protective of water quality. This was compared with a similar equation generated in the previous study, which used the initial Olsen-P concentration and P retention as a predictor. The use of E1 min in place of Olsen-P did not greatly improve the fit of the model, and we suggest that the use of Olsen-P is sufficient to predict the rate of decline in WEP. Conversely, pasture production data, available for one of the trial sites, suggest that E1 min may be a better predictor of dry matter yield than Olsen-P.

Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Wang ◽  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
Q. C. Hu ◽  
I. P. O'Halloran ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Runoff ◽  
Wide Range

Wang, Y. T., Zhang, T. Q., Hu, Q. C., O'Halloran, I. P., Tan, C. S. and Reid, K. 2011. Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 339–347. The phosphorus (P) released in soil runoff during a rainfall event varies as labile P is depleted, and the dynamic pattern can be a function of soil P content and other soil properties. This study was conducted to determine the temporal pattern of runoff dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration during a simulated rainfall event and the controlling soil properties. Soil samples were collected from six soil types across the province of Ontario, with 10 sites for each, to provide a wide range of soil test P (STP) levels. The instantaneous DRP concentration in surface runoff created during the rainfall event could be predicted by time t (min, since the onset of surface runoff) through a power function: DRP=αt−β, where α and β are constants representing initial potential of soil P release to runoff as DRP at the onset of surface runoff and DRP decrease rate with time, respectively. The values of α and β for a given soil could be determined by DPSM3-2 (Mehlich-3 P/Mehlich-3 Al) using the following formulas:[Formula: see text] The description of the temporal pattern of runoff DRP concentration during a rainfall event with the constants estimated using DPSM3−2 can aid in the prediction of soil runoff DRP loss.

The fate of phosphorus under contrasting border-check irrigation regimes

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
D. Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Concentration

Flood-irrigation, to the extent that outwash (runoff from border-check bays) occurs, is a major cause of P loss from grazed pastures and has potential to harm surface water quality. We used a combination of rainfall simulation to produce runoff and field sampling of outwash to investigate processes of P loss from treatments receiving no irrigation and irrigation at 10%, 15%, and 20% soil moisture and every 21 days (3w). Intact soil blocks were removed from each treatment, dung removed, soils wetted to about 32% soil moisture, and runoff produced via rainfall simulation. This indicated that P losses were proportional to soil Olsen P concentrations (29.8–51.4 mg Olsen P/kg; 0.096–0.541 mg dissolved reactive P/L). Olsen P concentration was less in those treatments receiving a greater number of irrigations due to increased pasture production and, presumably, loss via outwash. When soil blocks were allowed to dry, concentrations in runoff more than doubled and were paralleled by a decrease in soil microbial biomass P. However, when outwash was sampled in the field, P loss was greater in more frequently irrigated treatments. This was attributed to increased stocking rates and P-release from dung masking any soil effect. However, differences in P loss in outwash from 2 treatments (without recent grazing) were attributed to different soil moisture before irrigation. Assuming 25% of irrigation is lost as outwash, annual loads were estimated to range from 0.7 kg P/ha in the 10% treatment, irrigated 2.6 times a year, to 12.6 kg P/ha in the 3w treatment, irrigated 6.5 times per year. This suggests that the frequency of irrigation and stocking rate dictate the majority of P lost in this system (not soil P concentration). Hence, mitigation practices should be promoted to minimise outwash in intensively sheep-grazed pastures and potential surface water quality impacts.

Relationship between phosphorus concentration in surface runoff and a novel soil phosphorus test procedure (DGT) under simulated rainfall

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dougherty ◽  
S. D. Mason ◽  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
P. J. Milham
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
The Relationship

There is a need to be able to identify soils with the potential to generate high concentrations of phosphorus (P) in runoff, and a need to predict these concentrations for modelling and risk-assessment purposes. Attempts to use agronomic soil tests such as Colwell P for such purposes have met with limited success. In this research, we examined the relationships between a novel soil P test (diffuse gradients in thin films, DGT), Colwell P, P buffering index (PBI), and runoff P concentrations. Soils were collected from six sites with a diverse range of soil P buffering properties, incubated for 9 months with a wide range of P additions, and then subjected to rainfall simulation in repacked trays growing pasture. For all soil and P treatment combinations, the relationship between DGT (0–10 mm) and runoff P was highly significant (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.84). Although there were significant curvilinear relationships between Colwell P and runoff P for individual soils, there were large differences in these relationships between soils. However, the inclusion of a P buffering measure (PBI) as an explanatory variable resulted in a highly significant model (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.82) that explained between-soil variability. We conclude that either DGT, or Colwell P and PBI, can be used to provide a relative measure of runoff P concentration.

Potential water quality impact and agronomic effectiveness of different phosphorus fertilisers under grazed dairying in Southland

2012 ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
R.W. Mcdowell ◽  
L.C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Agronomic Effectiveness ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Water Soluble P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Relative Agronomic Effectiveness ◽  
Soluble P

Phosphorus (P) loss from land is a central factor in poor surface water quality in Southland. Much loss of P can occur if surface runoff occurs soon after the application of highly water soluble P fertilisers (e.g. superphosphate). Three P fertilisers (superphosphate, serpentine super, and a Ca-phosphate) of different water solubilities were applied (30 kg P/ha in spring) to a grazed dairy pasture, and the relative agronomic effectiveness and P losses determined. Across all 3 years, there were no differences in annual pasture production among the different types of P fertilisers. For 2 years out of 3, significantly more P was lost via surface runoff from the superphosphate-treated plots than from plots treated with either serpentine super or the Ca-phosphate. On average, the use of low water soluble Ca-P fertiliser decreased P losses by an average of 47% over the 3 years. It is currently recommended that to decrease P losses associated with fertiliser, applications should be timed when runoff events are unlikely for at least 3 weeks following application. If this runoff cannot be avoided, or to ensure P losses are as low as possible, the use of a low water soluble P product may be of benefit. Key words: Surface runoff, phosphate fertilisers, phosphorus loss, superphosphate.

Revision of Coronostrongylus (Nematoda : Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Nematode Genus ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Occurrences

The monotypic nematode genus Coronostrongylus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 from the stomachs of macropodid marsupials was reviewed and was found to consist of a least seven closely related species. Coronostrongylus coronatus Johnston & Mawson, 1939 is found most commonly in Macropus rufogriseus, but occurs occasionally in M. dorsalis, M. parryi and Petrogale inornata. Coronostrongylus johnsoni, sp. nov. is most commonly found in M. dorsalis, but occurs also in M. rufogriseus, M. parma, Thylogale stigmatica, Petrogale godmani and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus barkeri, sp. nov. is most prevalent in Onychogalea unguifera, but occurs also in M. rufus, M. robustus and P. brachyotis. Coronostrongylus closei, sp. nov. is restricted to Petrogale persephone. Coronostrongylus sharmani, sp. nov. occurs only in rock wallabies from eastern Australia: P.�coenensis, P. godmani and P. mareeba; C. spratti, sp. nov. occurs in P. inornata and P. assimilis. Coronostrongylus spearei, sp. nov. is restricted to Papua New Guinea where it is found in Dorcopsulus vanhearni, Dorcopsis hageni and D. muelleri. Although all of the nematode species occur in one principal host species or a series of closely related host species, occurrences in geographically disjunct areas and in phylogenetically distant hosts are features of C. coronatus, C. barkeri, sp. nov. and C. johnsoni, sp. nov. The occurrence of seven closely related nematode species found in a wide range of macropodid host species is more readily accounted for by a hypothesis involving multiple colonisations of hosts than by the hypothesis of co-speciation.

Leaching of dissolved phosphorus from tile-drained agricultural areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2953-2958 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Andersen ◽  
J. Windolf ◽  
B. Kronvang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Water Extractable

Abstract We investigated leaching of dissolved phosphorus (P) from 45 tile-drains representing animal husbandry farms in all regions of Denmark. Leaching of P via tile-drains exhibits a high degree of spatial heterogeneity with a low concentration in the majority of tile-drains and few tile-drains (15% in our investigation) having high to very high concentration of dissolved P. The share of dissolved organic P (DOP) was high (up to 96%). Leaching of DOP has hitherto been a somewhat overlooked P loss pathway in Danish soils and the mechanisms of mobilization and transport of DOP needs more investigation. We found a high correlation between Olsen-P and water extractable P. Water extractable P is regarded as an indicator of risk of loss of dissolved P. Our findings indicate that Olsen-P, which is measured routinely in Danish agricultural soils, may be a useful proxy for the P leaching potential of soils. However, we found no straight-forward correlation between leaching potential of the top soil layer (expressed as either degree of P saturation, Olsen-P or water extractable P) and the measured concentration of dissolved P in the tile-drain. This underlines that not only the source of P but also the P loss pathway must be taken into account when evaluating the risk of P loss.

scholarly journals Does the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression? A stereo-video photogrammetric assessment off eastern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Kirby R. Smith ◽  
Carol Scarpaci ◽  
Brett M. Louden ◽  
Nicholas M. Otway
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Nurse Shark ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Stereo Video ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stereo Photogrammetry ◽  
Carcharias Taurus

Underwater stereo-video photogrammetry was used to document the pectoral fin positions of various life-history stages of the critically endangered east Australian population of the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) during normal swimming behaviour at multiple aggregation sites. A wide range in pectoral fin positions was recorded with dihedral pectoral fin angles ranging from –25 to 88°. Pectoral fin angles varied significantly among sites and this was attributed to the differing navigational and energetic requirements of the sharks. There was no significant relationship between pectoral fin angles and distances separating the shark and scuba diver. The wide range in pectoral fin angles, interactive use of the fins during swimming, low-energy behaviours of the sharks at aggregation sites and absence of ‘fight’ response agonistic behaviour indicated that the species does not exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression. Reports of agonistic pectoral fin depression in the grey nurse shark obtained with visual estimates should be treated as preliminary observations requiring further testing using accurate sampling methods such as stereo photogrammetry. It is important that diver compliance with existing management guidelines that prohibit divers from chasing or harassing grey nurse sharks and blocking cave and gutter entrances is maintained.

scholarly journals Nutrient losses in drainage and surface runoff from a cattle-grazed pasture in Southland

2000 ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Monaghan ◽  
R.J. Paton ◽  
L.C. Smith ◽  
C. Binet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Nitrate N

In response to local concerns about the expanding Southland dairy herd, a 4-year study was initiated in 1995 with the primary objective of quantifying nitrate-N losses to waterways from intensively grazed cattle pastures. Treatments were annual N fertiliser inputs of 0, 100, 200 or 400 kg N/ha. Stocking rate was set according to the pasture production on each of these four treatments, and over the 4 years of study ranged between the equivalent of 2.0 cows/ha for the 0N treatment, to 3.0 cows/ha for the treatment receiving 400 kg N/ ha/year. Mean annual losses of nitrate-N in drainage were 30, 34, 46 and 56 kg N/ha for the 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha/year treatments, respectively. Corresponding mean nitrate-N concentrations in drainage waters were 8.3, 9.2, 12.5 and 15.4 mg/ l, respectively. Very little direct leaching of fertiliser N was observed, even for drainage events in early spring, shortly after urea fertiliser application. The increased nitrate-N losses at higher rates of N fertiliser addition were instead owing to the indirect effect of increasing returns of urine and dung N to pasture. In Years 2 and 3, leaching losses of Ca, Mg, K, Na and sulphate-S averaged 61, 9, 11, 28 and 17 kg/ha/year, respectively, in the 0N fertiliser treatment. Increasing fertiliser N inputs significantly increased calcium and, to a lesser extent, potassium leaching losses but had no effect on losses of other plant nutrients. Surface runoff losses of Total-P, nitrate-N and ammonium- N were less than 0.5 kg/ha/year. For this well-drained Fleming soil, surface runoff was a relatively minor contributor of N to surface water, even for plots receiving high rates of fertiliser N and at a stocking rate of 3.0 cows/ha. Extrapolating these results to a 'typical' dairy pasture in Eastern Southland would suggest that the safe upper limit for annual fertiliser N additions to this site to achieve nitrate in drainage water below the drinking water standard is approximately 170 kg N/ha. Although losses of Ca in drainage were large, returns of this nutrient in maintenance applications of superphosphate-based products and lime should ensure Ca deficiencies are avoided in Southland dairy pastures. Keywords: cation-anion balances, dairy, N fertiliser, nitrate leaching, surface runoff, Southland

scholarly journals Changes in availability and uptake of soil phosphorus influenced by management practices and crop growth stages under peanut cultivation in medium black clay soil of Saurashtra region, Gujarat

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1781-1787
Author(s):  
R.S. Yadav ◽  
◽  
H.N. Meena ◽  
N.K. Jain ◽  
D. Bhaduri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
Raised Bed

Aim: To investigate efficient utilization of soil phosphorus for peanut nutrition through integration of management practices in medium black clay soils of Saurashtra region in Gujarat. Methodology: Soil phosphorus availability and uptake by peanut plants were assessed at five plant growth stages under six different management practices in Kharif season. The availability of soil P was estimated by Olsen P and Resin P extraction methods. The biomass production and phosphorus uptake at each growth stages were observed in order to draw the relationship between these parameters.? Results: The management practices like raised bed with polythene mulch, integrated and organic nutrient management was consistently found promising for enhanced availability and uptake of soil phosphorus under peanut cultivation. The Olsen P decreased with plant growth under all the management options, except organic and integrated nutrient management practices.? In contrary, the resin P generally increased with plant growth, especially under inorganic and organic nutrient management and raised bed with polythene mulch practices. Irrespective of growth stages, the phosphorus uptake by peanut plants was significantly and strongly correlated with biomass production (r=0.85, p<0.01) and Olsen P (r=0.41, P<0.05).? Interpretation: The results indicate that phosphorus requirement of peanut plants can be efficiently met by integrating land and nutrient management practices in these medium black clay soils.

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