Investigation by electro-ultrafiltration on N and P distribution in rhizosphere and bulk soil of field-grown corn

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Arienzo ◽  
Vincenzo Di Meo ◽  
Paola Adamo ◽  
Pietro Violante
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Acidic Environment ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Labile P ◽  
P Distribution

The distribution of available levels of N and P in rhizosphere and bulk soils of field-grown corn (Zea mays cv. Forban 300) in response to N, P, K fertiliser supply was investigated by electro-ultrafiltration (EUF). This technique allowed 3 operationally defined nutrient fractions to be extracted: soluble and immediately available (EUF-I), available (EUF-II), and retained reserve (EUF-III). For nitrogen, the NO3– and NH4+ forms were measured in the EUF extracts. The investigation was carried out providing N, N+P, N+K, and N+K+P. The results indicated that only at 40 days after sowing (DAS), rhizosphere soil was significantly less alkaline than bulk soil and characterised by higher organic carbon levels that increased with crop age. The slightly more acidic environment of the rhizosphere at 40 DAS seemed to be related to the lower levels of EUF-N-NH4+ fractions of rhizosphere soil (0.1–3.2 mg NH4+/kg) relative to bulk soil (0.5–4.9 mg NH4+/kg), with more significant differences observed for the soluble NH4+ pool, EUF-I, and when N was combined with P (N+P) or K (N+K). The extensive nitrification of NH4+ and the initially greater availability of NO3– accounted for the larger extraction of NO3– in the EUF-I-NO3– fraction at 40 DAS. The levels of labile extracted NO3– were ~8 times greater than EUF-II and EUF-III fractions, with significantly higher values of 27.4 (rhizosphere soil) and 18.8 mg NO3–/kg (bulk soil) for the N+P treatment. Due to plant uptake, at 40 DAS the EUF-I-NO3– fraction of rhizosphere soil was also the only pool significantly (P�< 0.05) lower than bulk soil, with differences that for N+P treatment were in excess of 45%. Later, at 60–120 DAS, during maximum corn nutrient demand, the levels of all of the EUF-N-NO3– fractions became higher in bulk soil. The pool of labile P, EUF-I-P, was higher in the rhizosphere soil and related to pH lowering, which occurred especially at 40 DAS and fell below the adequate level indicated by the ratio EUF-II-P/EUF-I-P. The use of the EUF methodology allowed a rough estimate of the amounts of different available nutrients of the studied soil as well as of their relationships with soil properties. Issues of rhizosphere sampling in situ were considered and discussed.

TILLAGE AND RESIDUE MULCHING EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)–TORIA (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS) CROPPING SYSTEM IN FRAGILE ECOSYSTEM OF NORTHEAST INDIAN HIMALAYAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANUP DAS ◽  
P. K. GHOSH ◽  
M. R. VERMA ◽  
G. C. MUNDA ◽  
S. V. NGACHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Indian Himalayas

SUMMARYThe north eastern region (NER) of India receives a high amount of rainfall (2450 mm) both in terms of intensity and frequency. Most of the precipitation goes waste because of improper conservation measures and inadequate rainwater harvesting. Growing a second crop during winter (rabi) season on hill slopes and uplands without moisture conservation measure is almost impossible. A simple and very low-cost technique of in situ soil moisture conservation in maize (Zea mays L.)–toria (Brassica campestris L.) system has been developed using residue of preceding rainy season maize crop and mulching with locally available weed biomass Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Six residue mulching combinations tested were viz. control, Maize stalk cover (MSC), MSC + Ambrosia sp. 5 t/ha, MSC + Ambrosia sp. 10 t/ha, MSC + farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t/ha and MSC + Ambrosia sp. 5 t/ha + poultry manure 5 t/ha under zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. Results showed that in situ residue retention of preceding maize crop along with green biomass of Ambrosia sp., applied before sowing of toria, maintained optimum soil moisture for good growth and higher yield of toria. The soil moisture content was consistently higher under residue mulched plots than that under control. All the residue mulching measures recorded higher crop yield for maize and toria than those observed under residue removal (control). The productivity of toria was enhanced by about 99%, only due to retention of MSC as mulch. Mulching with MSC + Ambrosia sp. 5 t/ha + poultry manure 5 t/ha recorded the highest seed yield of toria (four-year average: 641 kg/ha), which was 228% and 64% higher than no mulching (control) and MSC alone. MSC + FYM 10 t/ha (568.3 t/ha) and MSC + Ambrosia sp. 10 t/ha (517.4 t/ha) were found equally effective and produced significantly higher toria yield than that of control. MSC + Ambrosia mulch 10 t/ha gave the highest net returns and B:C ratio of the maize–toria system. The overall B:C ratios were better under ZT than CT. Thus, the study indicated that the integrated management of crop residues and weed biomass (Ambrosia sp.) under ZT created favourable soil moisture to support double cropping with high yield in hill eco-system of northeastern Indian Himalayas.

scholarly journals Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Siciliano ◽  
James J. Germida ◽  
Kathy Banks ◽  
Charles W. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Hydrocarbon Degradation ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Catabolic Gene ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which phytoremediation systems promote hydrocarbon degradation in soil. The composition and degradation capacity of the bulk soil microbial community during the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with aged hydrocarbons was assessed. In the bulk soil, the level of catabolic genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation (ndoB, alkB, and xylE) as well as the mineralization of hexadecane and phenanthrene was higher in planted treatment cells than in treatment cells with no plants. There was no detectable shift in the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) composition of the bulk soil community between treatments, but there were plant-specific and -selective effects on specific catabolic gene prevalence. Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) increased the prevalence of ndoB, alkB, and xylE as well as naphthalene mineralization in rhizosphere soil compared to that in bulk soil. In contrast, Rose Clover (Trifolium hirtum) decreased catabolic gene prevalence and naphthalene mineralization in rhizosphere soil. The results demonstrated that phytoremediation systems increase the catabolic potential of rhizosphere soil by altering the functional composition of the microbial community. This change in composition was not detectable by 16S rDNA but was linked to specific functional genotypes with relevance to petroleum hydrocarbon degradation.

scholarly journals Study of Oak Ridge soils using BONCAT-FACS-Seq reveals that a large fraction of the soil microbiome is active

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle Couradeau ◽  
Joelle Sasse ◽  
Danielle Goudeau ◽  
Nandita Nath ◽  
Terry C. Hazen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Soil Microbial Diversity ◽  
Oak Ridge

AbstractThe ability to link soil microbial diversity to soil processes requires technologies that differentiate active subpopulations of microbes from so-called relic DNA and dormant cells. Measures of microbial activity based on various techniques including DNA labelling have suggested that most cells in soils are inactive, a fact that has been difficult to reconcile with observed high levels of bulk soil activities. We hypothesized that measures of in situ DNA synthesis may be missing the soil microbes that are metabolically active but not replicating, and we therefore applied BONCAT (Bioorthogonal Non Canonical Amino Acid Tagging) i.e. a proxy for activity that does not rely on cell division, to measure translationally active cells in soils. We compared the active population of two soil depths from Oak Ridge (TN) incubated under the same conditions for up to seven days. Depending on the soil, a maximum of 25 – 70% of the cells were active, accounting for 3-4 million cells per gram of soil type, which is an order of magnitude higher than previous estimates. The BONCAT positive cell fraction was recovered by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and identified by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The diversity of the active fraction was a selected subset of the bulk soil community. Excitingly, some of the same members of the community were recruited at both depths independently from their abundance rank. On average, 86% of sequence reads recovered from the active community shared >97% sequence similarity with cultured isolates from the field site. Our observations are in line with a recent report that, of the few taxa that are both abundant and ubiquitous in soil, 45% are also cultured – and indeed some of these ubiquitous microorganisms were found to be translationally active. The use of BONCAT on soil microbiomes provides evidence that a large portion of the soil microbes can be active simultaneously. We conclude that BONCAT coupled to FACS and sequencing is effective for interrogating the active fraction of soil microbiomes in situ and provides new perspectives to link metabolic capacity to overall soil ecological traits and processes.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Maize (Zea mays) Chromosomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan McCaw ◽  
Nathaniel Graham ◽  
Jon Cody ◽  
Nathan Swyers ◽  
Changzeng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

scholarly journals   Distribution of recently fixed photosynthate in a switchgrass plant-soil system

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Chaudhary ◽  
J. Saxena ◽  
N. Lorenz ◽  
R.P. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Panicum Virgatum L ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

The use of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as an energy crop has gained great importance in past two decades due to its high biomass yields on marginal lands with low agricultural inputs and low maintenance requirements. Information on the allocation of photosynthetically fixed C in the switchgrass-soil system is important to understand the C flow and to quantify the sequestration of C in soils. The allocation of <sup>13</sup>C labeled photosynthates in shoot, root, soil, and in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of rhizosphere and bulk soil of 45 days old, greenhouse grown-switchgrass was examined during 20 days <sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labeling period. The total <sup>13</sup>C recovered in the plant-soil system varied from 79% after 1 day to 42% after 20 days of labeling. After labeling, 54%, 40%, and 6% excess <sup>13</sup>C resided in shoot, root and soil, respectively on day 1; 27%, 61% and 11%, respectively on day 5 and 20%, 63% and 17%, respectively day 20 after labeling. The maximum incorporation of <sup>13</sup>C from roots into the MB of rhizosphere soil occurred within the first 24 h of labeling. The excess <sup>13</sup>C values of rhizosphere soil and rhizosphere MBC were significantly higher than excess <sup>13</sup>C values of bulk soil and the bulk soil MBC, respectively. The proportion of excess <sup>13</sup>C in soil as MBC declined from 92 to 15% in rhizosphere soil and from 79 to 18% in bulk soil, for 1 day and 20 days after labeling, respectively. The present study showed the effectiveness of <sup>13</sup>C labeling to examine the fate of recently photosynthesized C in soil-plant (switchgrass) system and dynamics of MBC. &nbsp;

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) of Tripsacum dactyloides and Zea mays ssp. mays with B chromosomes

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Poggio ◽  
V. Confalonieri ◽  
C. Comas ◽  
A. Cuadrado ◽  
N. Jouve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Genomic In Situ Hybridization ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Tripsacum Dactyloides

Using in situ pore water concentrations to estimate the phytotoxicity of nicosulfuron in soils to corn (Zea mays L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1705-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailin Liu ◽  
Zhengya Cao ◽  
Xiong Pan ◽  
Yunlong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Zea Mays L

Rhizosphere effects on soil nutrient dynamics and microbial activity in an Australian tropical lowland rainforest

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Toberman ◽  
Chengrong Chen ◽  
Zhihong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Global Cycles ◽  
Rhizosphere Processes

Via vast exchanges of energy, water, carbon, and nutrients, tropical forests are a major driving force in the regulation of Earth’s biogeochemical, hydrological, and climatic cycles. Given the critical role of rhizosphere processes in nutrient cycling, it is likely that rhizosphere processes in tropical rainforests form a major component of the biome’s interactions with global cycles. Little is known, however, about rhizospheric processes in rainforest soils. In order to investigate the influence of rhizosphere processes upon rainforest nutrient cycling, we compared the nutrient status and microbial activity of rhizospheric soil from Australian lowland tropical rainforest with that of the surrounding bulk soil. We found a marked difference in the biological and chemical nature of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Total carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, and a suite of trace element concentrations, alongside microbial respiration and the rate and diversity of carbon substrate use, were all significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than the bulk soil. Rhizosphere soil δ15N was significantly lower than that of the bulk soil. Ratios of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur differed significantly between the rhizosphere and bulk soil. These clear differences suggest that rhizosphere processes strongly influence nutrient cycling in lowland tropical rainforest, and are likely to play an important role in its interaction with global cycles. This role may be under-represented with composite sampling of rhizosphere and bulk soil. Further research is required regarding the mechanisms of rainforest rhizospheric processes and their relationship with ecosystem productivity, stability, and environmental change.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF UNDERNOURISHMENT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RABBIT TO INFECTION WITH VACCINIA

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Sprunt
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Physiological Saline Solution

Experiments are reported in which it is shown that if rabbits are deprived of food, the lesions resulting from injection of vaccinia are either fewer or smaller; presumably this is partially explainable on reduction of available nutrients in the cell. The number and character of the lesions are also modified by the state of hydration of the interstitial tissues: If the amount of interstitial fluid is increased by permitting the animal to drink water, the lesions are even less numerous; but if the interstitial tissues are dehydrated either by withholding water or by injecting physiological saline solution into the peritoneal cavity, then the lesions are more numerous. The increase in interstitial fluids in these experiments was not due to decreased plasma proteins, for these were normal. In this respect, therefore, the rabbit differs from man, for unless the plasma proteins are reduced, simple starvation in man results in dehydration rather than edema of the tissues. From these experiments it is concluded that the virus is less able to multiply in the poorly nourished cell than in the well nourished one, and that hydration of the tissues increases the resistance of the tissue to infection while dehydration has the opposite effect. It is suggested that this is because hydration tends to localize the virus in situ, with result that fewer cells are exposed to it, while dehydration has the opposite effect. However, actual changes in cell susceptibility consequent upon altered water balance may be responsible for the effect.

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