Simulating the effectiveness of surface film on water evaporation and ammonia volatilisation

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. Zhuang ◽  
B. Yin ◽  
Z. L. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Ammonia Volatilisation ◽  
Effective Life

The application of surface films to flooded rice fields is one of the most effective measures of controlling ammonia volatilisation for improving nitrogen use efficiency. The feasibility of using a surface film is determined to some extent by the longevity of the effectiveness and this has never been estimated accurately in the field. The concept of half-life was introduced to estimate the effective life of a surface film by calculation from its effect on water evaporation. A simple laboratory experiment was carried out to validate the usefulness of the half-life concept. The results showed that effects on ammonia volatilisation could be quantified using a logistic equation based on the half-life concept.

Use of surface films to reduce ammonia volatilization from flooded rice fields

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
GX Cai ◽  
JR Freney ◽  
E Humphreys ◽  
OT Denmead ◽  
M Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Cetyl Alcohol ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Long Chain Alcohol ◽  
Long Chain

This paper presents the results of experiments on the control of ammonia volatilization from flooded rice by the use of surface films of organic compounds.Preliminary experiments in evaporation pans, 1.2 m diameter, buried in an upland field of mown pasture, showed that ammonia volatilization from water could be reduced by applications of surface films of long chain alcohols; the effect increased with increasing length of carbon chain.The most effective way to add the film was to dissolve the long chain alcohol in ethanol, and to distribute the solution on the surface of the water.In an experiment in a flooded rice field, additions of cetyl alcohol dissolved in ethanol significantly reduced the rate of ammonia emission and total nitrogen loss. The effect was short-lived, probably due to microbiological decomposition of the cetyl alcohol and dispersion of the surface film by strong winds.

scholarly journals A novel amended nitrification inhibitor confers an enhanced suppression role in the nitrification of ammonium in soil

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Guo ◽  
Hongmei Wang ◽  
Dianbo Zou ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Xiaori Han
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Purpose Nitrification inhibitor plays an important regulatory role in inhibiting the nitrification of ammonium in soils. However, most of nitrification inhibitors lack the sustainable effects in suppressing the nitrification of ammonium. In this study, a novel DMS nitrification inhibitor was prepared and tested to explore its lasting effect of nitrification suppression in black soil. Materials and methods Both culture experiments and field trial were performed in black soils. Three kinds of nitrification inhibitors (NIs), dicyandiamide (DCD) with low bioactivity, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with high bioactivity, and a novel 3,4-dimethylpyrazole sulfate zinc (DMS) with long half-life, were applied into soils, respectively, and the abundance changes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were investigated; then, the accumulation changes of inorganic nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, and crop yields were furtherly evaluated. Results and discussions A novel DMS nitrification inhibitor with high activity and long half-life maintained a persistent effect of nitrification suppression, and remarkably increased the accumulation of ammonium nitrogen in soil, thus improving nitrogen use efficiency and crop yields. This study implies that lowering the nitrogen loss of nitrification-triggered in soil is of great importance for improving nitrogen use efficiency. Conclusions This study provided an insight into the sustainable nitrification suppression of a novel DMS nitrification inhibitor under excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in black soils. Compared with improving the activity, reasonably prolonging the validity of nitrification inhibitors in soil is a more important strategy increasing the sustainable effects of nitrification inhibition, and the survival period of nitrification inhibitors in soil should be a crucial factor improving nitrogen use efficiency.

Surface Films on Zircaloy-2 Samples Cracked in Neutral Aqueous NaCl by Stress Corrosion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
R.A. Ploc
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Zirconium Dioxide ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Product Film

Samples of low-nickel Zircaloy-2 (material MLI-788-see(1)), when anodically polarized in neutral 5 wt% NaCl solutions, were found to be susceptible to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. The SEM revealed that pitting of stressed samples was occurring below a 2000Å thick surface film which behaved differently from normal zirconium dioxide in that it did not display interference colours. Since the initial film thickness was approximately 65Å, attempts were made to examine the product film by transmission electron microscopy to deduce composition and how the corrosion environment could penetrate the continuous layer.

ROLE OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN IMPROVING PRODUCTION WATER AND NITROGEN EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148
Author(s):  
Othman & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

The research work was conducted in Izra’a Research station, which affiliated to the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), during the growing seasons (2016 – 2017; 2017 – 2018), in order to evaluate the response of two durum wheat verities (Douma3 and Cham5) and two bread wheat varieties (Douma4 and Cham6) to Conservation Agriculture (CA) as a full package compared with Conventional Tillage system (CT) under rainfed condition using lentils (Variety Edleb3) in the applied crop rotation. The experiment was laid according to split-split RCBD with three replications. The average of biological yield, grain yield,  rainwater use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency was significantly higher during the first growing season, under conservation agriculture in the presence of crop rotation, in the variety Douma3 (7466 kg. ha-1, and 4162kg. ha-1, 19.006 kg ha-1 mm-1,  39.62 kg N m-2respectively). The two varieties Douma3 and Cham6 are considered more responsive to conservation agriculture system in the southern region of Syria, because they recorded the highest grain yields (2561, 2385 kg ha-1 respectively) compared with the other studied varieties (Cham5 and Douma4) (1951 and 1724 kg ha-1 respectively). They also exhibited the highest values of both rainwater and nitrogen use efficiency.

Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Mid-seasonIndicaRice Cultivars Applied at Different Decades

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Xin JU ◽  
Jin TAO ◽  
Xi-Yang QIAN ◽  
Jun-Fei GU ◽  
Bu-Hong ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Combining Ability of Traits Related to Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Eighteen Maize Inbred Lines

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao CUI ◽  
Ju-Lin GAO ◽  
Xiao-Fang YU ◽  
Zhi-Jun SU ◽  
Zhi-Gang WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Maize Inbred Lines ◽  
Use Efficiency
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