Soil factors affecting the availability of potassium to plants for Western Australian soils: a glasshouse study

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Pal ◽  
R. J. Gilkes ◽  
M. T. F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
K Depletion

A glasshouse experiment was conducted with 41 surface and 8 subsurface soils to measure their potassium (K) supply capacities and K depletion of soils by ryegrass growth for 260 days and harvesting at ~40-day intervals. Dry matter yield ranged from 0.22 g to 25.4 g/kg soil, cumulative K uptake ranged from 0.006 to 1.49 cmol/kg soil, and values of K concentration (%) in the first cut herbage ranged from 0.40% to 5.97%. Some of the light-textured soils were so impoverished in K that symptoms of K deficiency appeared during the first growth period. Water-soluble K + exchangeable K accounted for 43–100% of cumulative K uptake by the ryegrass. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 68% of the variation in dry matter yield and 90% of the variation in K uptake may be predicted by the exchangeable K content of these soils. The 6 harvests of ryegrass extracted only 0.21–12.07% of total K from these soils, which was not sufficient to cause discernible mineralogical changes in most soils. For some soils vermiculite was formed at the expense of illite/mica by K release to plants. For soils containing vermiculite but no other K-bearing clay minerals, vermiculite peaks broadened on K depletion by plants. Major proportions of total K in these soils are present in silicate minerals, yet only minor amounts are released to plants by very slow weathering processes. For soils that do not contain any K bearing clay minerals, very minor amounts of feldspar may have dissolved to release K.

scholarly journals Effect of Rice Straw on Potassium Availability in Illite Containing Soils of Central Plain, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timtong DARUNSONTAYA ◽  
Wittaya JINDALUANG
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
K Release

Soil potassium (K) in various forms and the effect of rice straw on soil K release were studied in lowland soils containing illite clay minerals. Surface soils of 2 Inceptisols and 2 Alfisols were collected to study. Soil samples were incubated for 120 days with rice straw incorporation at different rates (0, 3,125, 6,250, and 9,375 kg/ha), and various forms of K in soils were determined at various times during the period of incubation. The results showed that the readily available K content (water-soluble K + exchangeable K) of the studied soils increased with the increasing rate of rice straw incorporation. In addition, non-exchangeable K content also increased with the increasing rate of rice straw incorporation by fixation process for all soils. The maximum increase of water-soluble K content of the studied soils was observed on the 4th day of incubation for all treatments, corresponding to the decrease of exchangeable K content at the same time. This result indicated that water-soluble K and exchangeable K were in equilibrium. Changes of non-exchangeable K content during the period of incubation through alternate release and fixation processes were observed monthly. This result suggested that most of the readily available K enhanced by rice straw incorporation would be beneficial for K uptake by the plant.

scholarly journals Residue and Potassium Management Strategies to Improve Crop Productivity, Potassium Mobilization, and Assimilation under Zero-Till Maize–Wheat Cropping System

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Raghavendra Madar ◽  
Yudh Vir Singh ◽  
Mahesh Chand Meena ◽  
Tapas Kumar Das ◽  
Venkatesh Paramesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Actual Change

Understanding of the potassium (K) nutrient cycle and its microbial transformation of unavailable forms of soil K to plant-available K is crucial in any agroecosystem for strategic nutrient management through inorganic fertilizer, crop residue (CR), and microbial applications. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of crop residue and K management practices on crop productivity, K mobilization from native soil K-pool, and crop assimilation of K under a zero-till maize–wheat cropping system. The experiment consisted of four residue levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha−1) and five K levels (0, 50%, 100%, 150% RDK [recommended dose of K] and 50% RDK + potassium solubilizing bacteria, KSB). Results showed that CR retention at 6.0 Mg ha−1 significantly improved grain yield (of maize by 10.17%; wheat by 9.87%), dry matter accumulation, K uptake and redistribution in native soil K pools (water soluble K (WSK), exchangeable K (EK) and non-exchangeable K (NEK)) at 30 and 60 days after sowing and at harvest as compared to no CR. Among the K management, 50% RDK+KSB reported significantly higher grain yield (of maize by 26.22%; wheat by 24.70%), dry matter accumulation, K uptake, and native K pools (WSK, EK, and NEK) at different growth stages compared to no K. Total K did not differ significantly due to residue and K management. The highest actual change of K reported with 6.0 Mg ha−1 CR (51 kg ha−1) and 50% RDK+KSB (59 kg ha−1) over control. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlation was found among grain yield, dry matter accumulation, K uptake, the actual change in K and different native K pools. It can be concluded that retention of 6 Mg ha−1 CR and supply of 50% K through inorganic fertilizer along with seed inoculation of KSB biofertilizers, improved crop growth, productivity by enhancing K assimilation as a consequence of the release of non-exchangeable K and through the application of CR and K treatments under a zero tillage maize–wheat system.

Some factors affecting the growth of lotononis (Lotononis bainesii)

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (48) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Bryan ◽  
JP Sharpe ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Measurable Growth ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Coastal Lowlands

On the coastal lowlands of South Queensland, Lotononis bainesii responded in dry matter yield and potassium content to increasing applications of potassium. It did not respond to additions of sulphur. Higher annual yields were obtained from cutting at 8 or 12 weeks than at 4 weeks. Continued frequent cutting had no permanent adverse effect as measured by a 12-week regrowth after treatments were discontinued. Yield was closely associated with radiation received, with a minimum of about 11,200 Langleys in a 4-week period being required for measurable growth, and radiation provided the best fit of meteorological parameters with seasonal fluctuations in production. Growth did not occur in winter and was not resumed in spring until the weekly mean minimum temperature reached 9�C. The detrimental effect of dense shade on lotononis is discussed.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY FROM UNREACTIVE TOGO PHOSPHATE ROCK BY LEGUME AND CEREAL CROPS IN TWO GHANAIAN SOILS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alex Boateng ◽  
Prof. Emmanuel Owusu- Bennoah
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Water Soluble P ◽  
Soluble P

Purpose: In recent years, phosphate rock (PR) for direct application has been tested in tropical acid soils as a potential alternative to conventional water-soluble P fertilizers like Single Superphosphate (SSP) and Triple Superphosphate (TSP). However, direct application of PR with low reactivity does not always give satisfactory results. Legume and cereal crops represent a strategy that can be used to solubilize P from some of these unreactive PRs. The objective of this study was to assess the availability of P from unreactive Togo Phosphate Rock (TPR) relative to TSP by six (6) crop species in two Ghanaian soils. Methodology:  The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Crop Science Department, University of Ghana. Three P rates, 0mg, 50mg and 100mg P of TPR and TSP were applied to a kilogram of soil per pot in the two soil series. Randomized Complete Block Design was used to do the analyses. Results/Findings: Application of TSP resulted in higher dry matter and P uptake irrespective of the soil type. Among the legumes, cowpea gave the highest dry matter yield. Fairly, a similar trend was obtained with the application of TPR. Among the cereals, the average P uptake by sorghum from TPR was the highest, followed by maize and millet in the Nzema soil. In the Adenta series, P uptake by maize was the highest, followed by sorghum and millet. Phosphorus (P) uptake by the cereals from TPR was generally better in the Adenta than the Nzema soil. Unique contribution to theories, practice and policy: Results show increasing the rate of TPR to 100mg P/pot resulted in an increase in dry matter yield and P uptake in both soils, but was inferior to 100mg P/pot TSP application. Consequently, the rate of application of TPR should always be high if farmers want the best from their investments. Again, the low relative agronomic effectiveness of TPR for all the crops, proved the low reactivity of the material and its subsequent low performance compared with the water-soluble P. The low reactivity and the high molar mass of PO43-/CO32- of the TPR will always make it difficult for P to be made available from the TPR despite the acidity of the soil, the high density of the crops and the ability of the tested crops to exude organic acids, which facilitate phosphorus availability from TPR, therefore making TPR unsuitable for direct application.

Effects of perennial ryegrass cultivar, duration of lock up and nitrogen fertiliser application on dairy pasture dry matter yield and quality for silage in south-western Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
G. N. Ward ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Western Victoria

A study in south-western Victoria determined effects of 3 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Vedette, Impact and Nevis) with differing maturities, duration of lock up and nitrogen (N) application on the dry matter yield and nutritive characteristics of pasture for silage. Treatments were cultivar (3), N (0 and 50 kg N/ha) and duration of lock up (5–10 weeks) arranged in a completely randomised design in 3 by 5 m plots replicated 3 times. Plots were mown to a uniform height (5 cm) on 14 September 1998 (first day of lock up) and 1 week later N was applied as urea (46% N) at either 0 or 50 kg N/ha to the respective plots. Weekly sampling commenced on 19 October (week 5 of lock up), and continued until 23 November. For each treatment and harvest date, dry matter yield and botanical composition were determined, and samples of total pasture and the ryegrass fraction were collected and chemically analysed for dry matter digestibility, concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, water-soluble carbohydrates and minerals. Metabolisable energy was derived from dry matter digestibility. All pasture types were predominantly ryegrass (>90%) with no differences in the nutritive characteristics of total pasture swards or the respective ryegrass fraction. Nitrogen at 50 kg N/ha significantly (P<0.05) increased dry matter yield for all cultivars. Metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) of the pasture declined with time for all treatments, with Vedette having a significantly (P<0.05) greater rate of decline than the other cultivars. Vedette reached early ear emergence about 3 weeks earlier (week 7) than the other cultivars. The harvestable metabolisable energy yield (MJ/ha) at ear emergence was highest for Impact, followed by Nevis and Vedette. In conclusion, there is potential to use later-maturing cultivars of ryegrass in south-eastern Australia to allow for later harvesting of forage for silage, while maintaining metabolisable energy and maximising dry matter yields. Furthermore, the use of N fertiliser can also increase dry matter yields without impinging on pasture quality provided the time between N application and harvest date does not exceed 5–6 weeks.

scholarly journals Potassium Bioavailability in a Tropical Kaolinitic Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2016
Author(s):  
Marcelo Raphael Volf ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Antônio Carlos de Azevedo ◽  
Michael L. Thompson ◽  
John L. Kovar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Strong Ability

Some plant species are able to acquire non-exchangeable forms of K, which improve K availability and cycling in cropping systems, and which may explain the lack of response to K. However, this would not be expected in soils dominated by kaolinite. The aim of this study was to assess non-exchangeable K (Kne) use by three selected plant species grown in a tropical Haplic Plinthosol with low exchangeable K (Ke). A greenhouse experiment was conducted with soybean (Glycine max L., Merr.), maize (Zea mays L.), and ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) with or without K fertilization for three growing cycles. The crop treatments were compared with a control without plants. In the absence of K fertilization, all the tested plants were able to use non-exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K contributed more than 80% of the K demand of the plants in the first growing cycle, even in this kaolinitic soil. In the first growing cycle, soybean and maize took up more non-exchangeable K than ruzigrass, concomitant with higher dry matter yields. Over the three crop cycles, as both biomass yield and K uptake decreased in the unfertilized systems, the dependence of plants on non-exchangeable K decreased. Unfertilized ruzigrass showed a strong ability to acquire non-exchangeable K from the soil. Over the course of three growing cycles, K application decreased the absolute uptake of non-exchangeable K as well as its fractional contribution to total K uptake by the crops.

Effects of sowing method and competitor species and presence on Phalaris and Austrodanthonia establishment and persistence.

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 813 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Continuous Grazing

Two experiments were conducted on plots sown in autumn 1992, at Tamworth in northern New South Wales. The first compared the establishment of 3 perennial grasses when sown as monocultures or with competitors in either broadcast-sown swards or alternate row-sown plots. Sowing rate and species of competitor were also examined as factors affecting perennial grass establishment. Perennial grasses were Austrodanthonia richardsonii (synonym Danthonia richardsonii) cv. Taranna, A. bipartita (synonym D. linkii) cv. Bunderra, and Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa. Competitors were Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare, T. repens cv. Haifa, and Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera. In spring 1992, competitors were removed from 144 of the 288 plots to prevent them from seeding. A second experiment compared the longer-term (1993–96) dry matter yield and persistence of these perennial grasses under continuous grazing in plots were the competitor was present in year 1 (1992) or in all years (1992–96). In spring 1992, mean dry matter yield of perennial grass was higher (P<0.001) in row-sown plots then those sown by broadcasting. Mean dry matter yield of perennial grass was lowest at low sowing rate, but not significantly different at medium and high sowing rates (about 350 kg DM/ha). Compared with the monocultures, the presence of a competitor reduced mean perennial grass dry matter yields by 48, 69 and 85%, respectively for white clover, subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. Perennial grass plant numbers were highest (P<0.001) in the medium and high sowing rates of the monocultures and in white clover competitor plots and lowest (P<0.001) in all broadcast-sown plots, where annual ryegrass was the competitor. By spring 1996, white clover and annual ryegrass had declined to a low level in the pasture in all plots and the only major competitor was subterranean clover (1200 kg DM/ha, 40% plant frequency). Mean dry matter yields were highest (P<0.001) for Sirosa in 1993, but with dry conditions in 1994 and continuous grazing they were highest for Bunderra in all other years. The implications of these data for devising sowing strategies to maximise the establishment of perennial grasses and their long-term persistence in this environment are discussed.

Effect of nitrogen fertiliser application and length of lock up on dairy pasture dry matter yield and quality for silage in south-western Victoria

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
F. R. McKenzie ◽  
S. E. Rigby ◽  
G. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Stocking Rates

Summary. This study aimed to define the effect of differing rates of nitrogen application and lock up length on harvested material for silage in south-western Victoria. At 2 sites in south-western Victoria, 140, 3 by 2 m plots of predominantly perennial ryegrass pasture were randomly allocated, within 4 replicate blocks. Five nitrogen fertiliser rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg N/ha) in combination with 7 lock up lengths were randomly allocated to the 35 plots within each replicate. Nitrogen was applied 1 week after initial lock up (September 10, site 1; September 12, site 2) and harvesting commenced 3 weeks after initial lock up. For each treatment and harvest date, dry matter yield and botanical composition were determined and samples of total pasture and the ryegrass fraction were collected and chemically analysed for dry matter digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, water-soluble carbohydrates and mineral content. Metabolisable energy was derived from dry matter digestibility. Increasing rates of nitrogen increased herbage dry matter yield regardless of length of lock up. The yield response was greatest 8 weeks after initial lock up at both sites (site 1, 26 kg DM/kg N; site 2, 14.9 kg DM/kg N). Subsequent regrowth of pasture was increased by nitrogen application over shorter lock up lengths (weeks 3 and 4). Botanical composition was unaffected by treatment during the harvesting period or in the subsequent autumn. Application of nitrogen gave rise to a linear increase in pasture metabolisable energy and crude protein content at both sites until week 5. Thereafter, this response diminished and by week 8 there was a decrease in metabolisable energy and crude protein content. Neutral detergent fibre content was relatively unaffected by nitrogen application until week 8 of the study, at which point there was a linear increase. Application of nitrogen reduced the water-soluble carbohydrate content of pastures throughout the sampling period. It is concluded that application of nitrogen to a mixed sward locked up for silage can increase dry matter yield and, provided pasture is harvested before ryegrass ear emergence, can also have a positive effect on metabolisable energy and crude protein. Given that the decision for removing paddocks from the grazing rotation is based upon pasture growth and stocking rates, the use of nitrogen fertilisers on higher stocked farms could lead to increased dry matter yield over shorter lock up periods. On farms with lower stocking rates shorter lock up periods may allow for pastures to be returned to the grazing rotation earlier, or provide the opportunity for a second harvest of pasture for silage.

Developmental characteristics of grass varieties in relation to their herbage production:6. Spring and summer growth of Sabrina hybrid ryegrass and RvP Italian ryegrass as influenced by the date of the initial cut in spring and the length of the succeeding growth period

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Drought Conditions

SUMMARYThe yield and chemical composition of Sabrina hybrid ryegrass and RvP Italian ryegrass were compared, with special reference to regrowth after defoliation in spring and early summer. Initial cuts were taken on 6, 20 April and 4. and 18 May; subsequently a conservation crop was harvested at either 5 or 7 weeks, and a second regrowth 30 days later. There were four fertilizer treatments. Tiller density, stem development and individual tiller dry weight were recorded in selected treatments.At the initial cuts and in the conservation crops after the first three initial cuts, varietal differences in yield and dry-matter digestibility (DMD) were relatively small. In all other harvests, RvP was appreciably higher yielding than Sabrina, and it showed greater responses to fertilizer in all second regrowth harvests. The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of RvP was consistently higher than that of Sabrina in regrowth harvests; the DMD was higher in Sabrina.In primary growth of the two cultivars, tillering was suppressed at the time of head emergence, but active tillering was resumed earlier in RvP, the later-heading cultivar. In RvP, tillers arising early in the regrowth periods attained head emergence within 5 weeks. In Sabrina there was a marked decline in head production during June, and an increase in the size of individual vegetative tillers.In regrowth harvests both the yield and the % WSC were markedly reduced when drought conditions were most severe; the most marked varietal differences occurred at this time, both in terms of yield of dry matter and % crude protein responses to fertilizer treatment.In the two cultivars the DMD of 7-week conservation crops harvested in late May was at least equal to that of 5-week crops harvested later during drought conditions. A distinctly more advanced stage of development was attained in the earlier, heavieryielding crops.

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