Trend in HIV incidence in a cohort of homosexual men in Sydney: data from the Health in Men Study

Sexual Health ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyi Jin ◽  
Garrett P. Prestage ◽  
Ann McDonald ◽  
Tim Ramacciotti ◽  
John C. Imrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cox Regression ◽  
New South ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Community Based ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hiv Seroconversion ◽  
Study Database

Objectives: To determine the incidence of HIV seroconversion in a community-based cohort of homosexual men in Sydney from 2002 to 2006. Methods: Participants were recruited between 2001 and 2004 from community-based events and venues. They were tested for HIV annually at follow-up interviews. Each year, the study database was matched against the national HIV register to identify additional HIV seroconversions among men lost to active follow up. The trend in HIV incidence over time was examined using Cox regression. Results: Among 1426 participants, 52 cases of HIV seroconversion were identified between 2002 and 2006, an incidence of 0.87 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.65–1.14). HIV incidence varied from 1.67 per 100 person-years in 2002 to 0.39 in 2006 (P trend = 0.282). The median age of HIV seroconversion was 36.9 years, ranging from 22 to 63 years. Conclusion: In this community-based cohort of highly sexually active homosexual men in Sydney, HIV incidence was close to 1% each year and declined non-significantly between 2002 and 2006. These data are consistent with surveillance data suggesting no increase in recent HIV incidence in homosexual men in New South Wales.

scholarly journals A population-based longitudinal study of Clostridium difficile infection-related hospitalization in mid-age and older Australians

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. CHEN ◽  
K. GLASS ◽  
B. LIU ◽  
T.V. RILEY ◽  
R. KORDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
New South ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Crude Incidence ◽  
Median Hospital Stay ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hazard Ratios

SUMMARYClostridium difficile is the principal cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospitalized patients. We investigated the incidence and risk factors for hospitalization due to C. difficile infection (CDI) in older Australians. We linked data from a population-based prospective cohort study (the 45 and Up Study) of 266 922 adults aged ⩾45 years recruited in New South Wales, Australia to hospitalization and death records for 2006–2012. We estimated the incidence of CDI hospitalization and calculated days in hospital and costs per hospitalization. We also estimated hazard ratios (HR) for CDI hospitalization using Cox regression with age as the underlying time variable. Over a total follow-up of 1 126 708 person-years, 187 adults had an incident CDI hospitalization. The crude incidence of CDI hospitalization was 16·6/100 000 person-years, with a median hospital stay of 6 days, and a median cost of AUD 6102 per admission. Incidence increased with age and year of follow-up, with a threefold increase for 2009–2012. After adjustment, CDI hospitalization rates were significantly lower in males than females (adjusted HR 0·6, 95% confidence interval 0·4–0·7). CDI hospitalization rates increased significantly over 2009–2012. There is a need to better understand the increasing risk of CDI hospitalization in women.

The electronic identification protects privacy and has consistent HIV incidence with the traditional real-name follow-up among Chinese MSM: A 24-month prospective cohort study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wei ◽  
Xiangjun Zhang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Zhenxing Chu ◽  
Wenqing Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
The Real ◽  
Hiv Seroconversion ◽  
Sex With Men

BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) usually face stigma and discrimination in relation to their sexual orientation and have the fear of identification disclosure, which may prevent them from taking HIV tests and participating in research studies. The traditionally used real-name identification methods might lead to biased estimates in HIV incidence. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated an electronic identification (eID) method in estimating HIV incidence among MSM using a social media application that allowed good protection of privacy than the real-name identification. METHODS From January 2018 to January 2020, a WeChat OpenID identifier was used to generate and assign eID for MSM who attended the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services. The inclusion criteria were men aged 18 years and older who had consensual anal or oral sex with men in the previous 12 months and agreed to WeChat authorization. The eID group was compared with the real-name identification group (PID) that we acquired through HIV testing information regarding participants’ demographic and behavioral characteristics and HIV incidence. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Kappa statistics were used to compare the consistency of the two groups. Cox regression was used to assess factors that were associated with HIV infection during the follow-up period. RESULTS Of 1499 WeChat OpenID users, 1133 participants were identified and linked to their traditional PID and some participants used multiple OpenIDs. The Kappa consistency between eID and traditional PID method were 0.753. At baseline, 4.2% participants in eID group received an HIV positive testing result, which was comparable to PID group (5.4%, Kappa=0.992). Thirty-five participants infected HIV during the follow-up period. The incidence of HIV infection was 7.3/100 person-years for eID group (95% CI, 5.4-10.1) and 5.8/100 person-years for PID group (95% CI, 4.2-8.0), and the consistency was high (Kappa=0.712, P>.05). The retention rates between eID and PID group were also accordant (Kappa=0.722). Number of sexual partners, recent unprotected anal sex, and recent party drug use were associated with HIV seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS The eID method that allowed anonymous tests and multiple visits had consistent results compared to the traditional real-name PID method. This method can be scaled up in future prevention and testing programs in HIV high risk populations with high privacy and confidentiality demands.

scholarly journals High HIV Incidence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in 8 Chinese Cities: Results From a Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Huang ◽  
Yehua Wang ◽  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Stephen W Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Large Trial ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Hiv Seroconversion ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract Background In China, while the overall HIV prevalence has been decreasing within key populations, the epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is still on the rise. This study aims to assess the HIV incidence rate and identify driving forces of HIV seroconversion among MSM in a closed cohort. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of a large trial of HIV testing promotion among Chinese MSM in 2016–2017. Sexual behaviors, HIV testing activities, and HIV serostatus were measured at baseline and follow-up every 3 months. HIV seroconversion in this study was defined as a self-reported HIV-positive test result. Participants who reported testing for HIV at least twice during different follow-up periods were included. Subgroup analysis and Cox regression were used to examine the correlates with HIV seroconversion. Results Overall, 347 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of 25.3 ± 6.1, and 71.2% were migrants. The sociodemographic characteristics of the included participants were similar to the rest of the participants in the trial (n = 1034); 7.2% (25/347) of participants seroconverted during the study period, resulting in an incidence rate of 15.56/100 person-years. In subgroup analysis, the HIV incidence rate was higher among migrants than nonmigrants (incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47–3.87). In the time-dependent Cox regression model, bisexual MSM had a higher risk of contracting HIV than gay men (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.02–4.72). Conclusions Our findings suggest a high HIV incidence rate among Chinese MSM. Further expansion of pre-exposure prophylaxis and other effective HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed.

scholarly journals High risk groups for severe COVID-19 in a whole of population cohort in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bette Liu ◽  
Paula Spokes ◽  
Wenqiang He ◽  
John Kaldor
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
New South ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Complete Case ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hazard Ratios

Abstract Background Increasing age is the strongest known risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease but information on other factors is more limited. Methods All cases of COVID-19 diagnosed from January–October 2020 in New South Wales Australia were followed for COVID-19-related hospitalisations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths through record linkage. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for severe COVID-19 disease, measured by hospitalisation or death, or very severe COVID-19, measured by ICU admission or death according to age, sex, socioeconomic status and co-morbidities were estimated. Results Of 4054 confirmed cases, 468 (11.5%) were classified as having severe COVID-19 and 190 (4.7%) as having very severe disease. After adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status and comorbidities, increasing age led to the greatest risk of very severe disease. Compared to those 30–39 years, the aHR for ICU or death from COVID-19 was 4.45 in those 70–79 years; 8.43 in those 80–89 years; 16.19 in those 90+ years. After age, relative risks for very severe disease associated with other factors were more moderate: males vs females aHR 1.40 (95%CI 1.04–1.88); immunosuppressive conditions vs none aHR 2.20 (1.35–3.57); diabetes vs none aHR 1.88 (1.33–2.67); chronic lung disease vs none aHR 1.68 (1.18–2.38); obesity vs not obese aHR 1.52 (1.05–2.21). More comorbidities was associated with significantly greater risk; comparing those with 3+ comorbidities to those with none, aHR 5.34 (3.15–9.04). Conclusions In a setting with high COVID-19 case ascertainment and almost complete case follow-up, we found the risk of very severe disease varies by age, sex and presence of comorbidities. This variation should be considered in targeting prevention strategies.

How adolescents perceive that community-based exercise improves their well-being

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-459
Author(s):  
Kevin Rourke ◽  
Coralie J Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Team Games ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Perceived Benefit ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Energy Survey

Objectives: To determine if adolescents perceive community-based exercise as beneficial to their well-being and in what ways. Methods: A New South Wales Police Citizens Youth Club ran a four-week fitness course. The classes involved: 1) sports including basketball and soccer, 2) non-contact boxing drills, and 3) games, both team games such as dodgeball and non-team games such as line tag. Parental consent to offer a survey at the completion of the course was requested during registration. The survey was the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; it was minimally modified to measure perceived benefit to mental well-being instead of actual benefit. Results: Thirty-one high school adolescents, ages 13–18, completed the survey. As a group, participants reported that they believed their well-being had improved after the course. The mean score for each survey item showed an improvement in every area of mental well-being for this sample of adolescents. Thirty-two per cent of adolescents reported having less energy. Survey scores indicated a statistically significant improvement in perceived well-being ( p<0.0001). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that four weeks of community-based exercise improves perceived mental well-being in adolescent participants.

scholarly journals Female Genital Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 incidence in Zambian women: a retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy S Sturt ◽  
Emily L Webb ◽  
Comfort R Phiri ◽  
Maina Mudenda ◽  
Joyce Mapani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Hiv Seroconversion ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) has been associated with prevalent HIV-1. We estimated the incidence of HIV-1 infection in Zambian women with and without FGS. Methods Women (aged 18-31, non-pregnant, sexually active) were invited to participate in this study in January-August 2018 at final follow-up of the HPTN 071 (PopART) Population Cohort. HIV-1 negative participants at enrolment (n=492) were included in this analysis with testing to confirm incident HIV-1 performed in HPTN 071 (PopART). Association of incident HIV-1 infection with FGS (Schistosoma DNA detected by PCR in any genital specimen) was assessed with exact Poisson regression. Results Incident HIV-1 infections were observed in 4.1% (20/492) participants. Women with FGS were twice as likely to seroconvert as women without FGS but with no statistical evidence for a difference (aRR 2.16, 95%CI[0.21–12.30], p=0.33). Exploratory analysis suggested an association with HIV-1 acquisition among women with ≥2 positive genital PCR specimens (RR 6.02, [0.58–34.96]), p=0.13). Conclusions Despite higher HIV seroconversion rates in women with FGS, there was no statistical evidence of association, possibly due to low power. Further longitudinal studies should investigate this association in a setting with higher schistosomiasis endemicity.

scholarly journals Returning to Unpaid Work after Stroke: The Psychosocial Outcomes in Stroke Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Cheryl Carcel ◽  
Sara Farnbach ◽  
Beverley M. Essue ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Nick Glozier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
New South ◽  
Psychosocial Outcomes ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
South Wales

Background: While returning to paid work is a crucial marker of stroke recovery, little is known about the differences in unpaid work by sex following stroke. We aimed to determine the sex differences in participation in unpaid work 12 months after stroke. Methods: Psychosocial outcomes in stroke were a prospective, multicentre observational study that recruited individuals, 18–64 years, within 28 days of stroke from New South Wales, Australia. Unpaid work was defined as ≥5 h per week of one or more of: unpaid domestic work for the household; unpaid care of others; looking after own children without pay or looking after someone else’s children without pay. Data was collected before stroke, 28 days (baseline), 6 and 12 months follow-up. Results: Eighty per cent of women and 52% of men engaged in ≥5 h per week of unpaid work before stroke. At 12 months after, 69% of women and 53% of men completed ≥5 h of unpaid work per week. For women, there was a significant association between participation in unpaid work at 12 months and having financially dependent children (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.08–6.59). A return to unpaid work in men was associated with participation in unpaid work before stroke (OR 3.74; 95% CI 2.14–6.53). Conclusions: More women are engaged in unpaid work before and at 12 months after stroke, but there is a reduction in the proportion of women returning to unpaid work at 12 months not seen in men. Consideration may need to be given to the development of rehabilitation strategies targeted at the specific needs of stroke survivors.

Distribution of the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in New South Wales: Results of The 1994-96 New South Wales Rivers Survey.

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
T.R. Grant ◽  
P.C. Gehrke ◽  
J.H. Harris ◽  
S. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Native Fish ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Population Numbers

Data from the New South Wales Rivers Survey on the occurrence of platypuses have provided the most recent and comprehensive record of platypus distribution in the State. The species was most commonly reported from the montane and coastal regions, being less common on the western slopes and uncommon in the rivers of the western lowlands. The observations confirmed those from earlier community-based surveys. In contrast to the distribution of native fish species, there appears to have been little change in the overall state-wide distribution of the platypus in response to degrading processes in the rivers of New South Wales, although nothing is known of the stability of their population numbers.

"They Know Not What They Do" — on William Rodier and his Mission to Exterminate Rabbits and other Vertebrate Pests

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Noble ◽  
G. H. Pfitzner
Keyword(s):  
Family Background ◽  
New South ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Informal Knowledge ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vertebrate Pests ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship

William Rodier (1859–1936) became well known throughout much of southeastern Australia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mainly through the vigour with which he expressed his contentious views on how best to control certain vertebrate pests. Much of his 'plan', particularly in regard to rabbits, was based on his experience as a pastoralist in western New South Wales. In this article, we examine what is known about Rodier's family background, his occupations, preoccupations, and particularly, the effectiveness of his endeavours to convince a largely sceptical public as to the wisdom and practicality of his method for vertebrate pest control. Some of the circulars and flyers printed by Rodier are also reproduced for illustrative purposes. These were designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Rodier Method, especially for controlling the rabbit, perceived by him to be the most serious threat then facing landholders in Australia. Rodier's activities are appraised in light of the relationship then existing between community-based science and more orthodox, academically-based science in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Finally, this relationship is further explored in an historical context by examining the importance attached to local, informal knowledge in contemporary ecological research where landholder collaboration is now often regarded as an integral component.

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