Genetic variation and phylogeography of the Australian and New Zealand fern Asplenium flabellifolium (Aspleniaceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Ohlsen ◽  
Lara D. Shepherd ◽  
Leon R. Perrie ◽  
Patrick J. Brownsey ◽  
Michael J. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breeding System ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Asplenium flabellifolium Cav. is a cytologically variable Australian and New Zealand fern. Here, we sequence chloroplast trnL-trnF and rps4-trnS from samples throughout its range to provide the first phylogeographic investigation of a fern common in both countries. Twenty-three haplotypes were detected, which formed six haplogroups in a network. Australian specimens were placed in all haplogroups. The placement of New Zealand haplotypes in five of the haplogroups suggests that this species has dispersed across the Tasman Sea at least five times. Sexually reproducing plants of lower ploidy, detected only in south-eastern Australia, contained haplotypes from the two haplogroups that are successive sisters to the remaining diversity in the phylogeny. This likely suggests that A. flabellifolium was originally a sexually reproducing species in south-eastern Australia and spread to the rest of its distribution where apomictic plants dominate. More than one haplogroup was detected in several areas across its distribution, suggesting that these areas were colonised several times. Other areas harboured several haplotypes from a single haplogroup or haplogroups not recovered elsewhere, indicating possible long-term persistence in these areas. Haplotypes and morphological features were not found to be exclusive to either breeding system or ploidy and no taxonomic revision is proposed.

scholarly journals Comparison of formaldehyde tropospheric columns in Australia and New Zealand using MAX-DOAS, FTIR and TROPOMI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ryan ◽  
Jeremy D. Silver ◽  
Richard Querel ◽  
Dan Smale ◽  
Steve Rhodes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Regression Slope ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Abstract. South-eastern Australia has been identified by modelling studies as a hotspot of biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, however long term observational VOC studies are lacking in this region. Here, two and a half years of MAX-DOAS formaldehyde (HCHO) measurements in Australasia are presented, from Broadmeadows in northern Melbourne, Australia and from Lauder, a rural site in the South Island of New Zealand. Across the measurement period from December 2016 to November 2019, the mean formaldehyde column measured by the MAX-DOAS at Lauder was 2.50 ± 0.61 × 1014 molec cm−2 and at Broadmeadows was 5.40 ± 1.59 × 1015 molec cm−2. In both locations the seasonal cycle showed a pronounced peak in Austral summer (DJF) consistent with temperature-dependent formaldehyde production from biogenic precursor gases. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle at Lauder was 0.7 × 1015 molec cm−2 while it was 2.0 × 1015 molec cm−2 at Broadmeadows. The Lauder MAX-DOAS HCHO measurements are compared with 27 months of co-located fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) observations. The seasonal variation of Lauder MAX-DOAS HCHO, smoothed by the FTIR averaging kernels, correlated strongly with the FTIR measurements, with linear regression slope of 0.91 and R2 of 0.81 for monthly averaged formaldehyde partial columns. In addition to ground-based observations, a clear way to address the VOC measurement gap in areas such as Australasia is with satellite measurements. Here we demonstrate that the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) can be used to distinguish formaldehyde hotspots in forested and agricultural regions of south-eastern Australia. The MAX-DOAS measurements are also compared to TROPOMI HCHO vertical columns at Lauder and Melbourne; very strong monthly average agreement is found for Melbourne (regression slope of 0.61, R2 of 0.95) and a strong agreement is found at Lauder (regression slope of 0.73, R2 of 0.61) for MAX-DOAS vs. TROPOMI between May 2018 and November 2019. This study, the first long term satellite comparison study using MAX-DOAS in the southern hemisphere, highlights the improvement offered by TROPOMI's high resolution over previous satellite products and provides the groundwork for future studies using ground based and satellite DOAS for studying VOCs in Australasia.

The ecology and distribution of Halicarcinus lacustris (Brachyura: Hymeno-somatidae) in Australian inland waters

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Walker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Halicarcinus lacustris is a small crab inhabiting inland waters in south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands. The Victorian distribution was investigated with reference to salinity. In the field the species occurs over a salinity range of 0.1-9.6‰ (although scarce in fresh waters), despite a tolerance of 0.0-36.3‰ shown by adults in the laboratory. This restricted distribution is attributed to physiological and ecological factors. Ecological notes are included on microhabitat, associated species, food, and the breeding cycle. Consideration is given also to the origins and overall distribution of the species. It is suggested that H. Lacustris rafted across the Tasman Sea, after having evolved in south-eastern Australia.

scholarly journals Comparison of formaldehyde tropospheric columns in Australia and New Zealand using MAX-DOAS, FTIR and TROPOMI

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6501-6519
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ryan ◽  
Jeremy D. Silver ◽  
Richard Querel ◽  
Dan Smale ◽  
Steve Rhodes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Regression Slope ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Abstract. South-eastern Australia has been identified by modelling studies as a hotspot of biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, long-term observational VOC studies are lacking in this region. Here, 2.5 years of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) formaldehyde (HCHO) measurements in Australasia are presented, from Broadmeadows, in northern Melbourne, Australia, and from Lauder, a rural site in the South Island of New Zealand. Across the measurement period from December 2016 to November 2019, the mean formaldehyde columns measured by the MAX-DOAS were 2.50±0.61×1015 molec. cm−2 at Lauder and 5.40±1.59×1015 molec. cm−2 at Broadmeadows. In both locations, the seasonal cycle showed a pronounced peak in Austral summer (December–January–February) consistent with temperature-dependent formaldehyde production from biogenic precursor gases. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle was 0.7×1015 molec. cm−2 at Lauder, and it was 2.0×1015 molec. cm−2 at Broadmeadows. The Lauder MAX-DOAS HCHO measurements are compared with 27 months of co-located Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. The seasonal variation of Lauder MAX-DOAS HCHO, smoothed by the FTIR averaging kernels, showed good agreement with the FTIR measurements, with a linear regression slope of 1.03 and an R2 of 0.66 for monthly averaged formaldehyde partial columns (0–4 km). In addition to ground-based observations, a clear way to address the VOC measurement gap in areas such as Australasia is with satellite measurements. Here, we demonstrate that the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) can be used to distinguish formaldehyde hotspots in forested and agricultural regions of south-eastern Australia. The MAX-DOAS measurements are also compared to TROPOMI HCHO vertical columns at Lauder and Melbourne; very strong monthly average agreement is found for Melbourne (regression slope of 0.61 and R2 of 0.95) and a strong agreement is found at Lauder (regression slope of 0.73 and R2 of 0.61) for MAX-DOAS vs. TROPOMI between May 2018 and November 2019. This study, the first long-term satellite comparison study using MAX-DOAS in the Southern Hemisphere, highlights the improvement offered by TROPOMI's high resolution over previous satellite products and provides the groundwork for future studies using ground-based and satellite DOAS for studying VOCs in Australasia.

Crop responses to lime in long-term pasture-crop rotations in a high rainfall area in south-eastern Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
P. D. Cregan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
South Eastern Australia

A long-term trial, known as ‘managing acid soils through efficient rotations’ (MASTER), commenced in 1992 to develop and demonstrate a cropping system that is economically viable on the highly acid soils of the traditional permanent pasture region in south-eastern Australia, so that their fertility is sustained or improved. There were 2 permanent pasture systems and 2 pasture–crop rotations, each with and without lime. This paper reports the effect of lime on crop production over the first cycle (6 years). On annual pasture–crop rotations, lime significantly increased the dry matter production at anthesis and grain yields of wheat (cv. Dollarbird) compared with the unlimed treatments. Averaged across years from 1992 to 1997 (excluding the severe drought year 1994), wheat crops produced 1.6 t/ha more grain on the limed treatments than on the unlimed treatments (3.6 v. 2.0 t/ha). On perennial pasture–crop rotations, the lime effects varied with crops grown at each phase and year. For example, despite being tolerant of acidity, oats (cv. Yarran) responded to lime in 1996. Likewise, triticale (cv. Abacus) responded to lime in 1997. Wheat (cv. Dollarbird) that is moderately tolerant to acidity responded to lime in phase 6 from 1992 to 1997 excluding 1994 (3.5 v. 1.7 t/ha). Acid-tolerant wheat varieties, triticale, and narrow-leaf lupins are considered the most viable crops for the soil and climatic conditions encountered in this high rainfall (5000—800 mm per annum) area of south-eastern Australia.

FISSION TRACK THERMOCHRONOLOGY: APPLICATION TO CONTINENTAL RIFTING OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Dumitru ◽  
K. C. Hill ◽  
D. A. Coyle ◽  
I. R. Duddy ◽  
D. A. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal History ◽  
Fission Track ◽  
Apatite Fission Track ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Uplift And Erosion ◽  
Track Analysis ◽  
Plate Type ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Over the last five to ten years, apatite fission track analysis has developed into a sophisticated technique for studying the low-temperature thermal history of rocks. It has particular utility in oil exploration because its temperature range of sensitivity, about 20° to 125°C, overlaps the oil generation window. Whereas older fission track thermal history approaches relied solely on the sample fission track age, the new interpretive approaches use sample age, single grain age and track length data. They also emphasise the analysis of systematic variations in data patterns in sequences of samples, such as samples from various depths in a well. Laboratory study of the thermal annealing of fission tracks and compilation of fission track data from geological case studies has greatly improved our understanding of apatite fission track systematics, allowing considerably more detailed interpretations of thermal histories.Application of apatite fission track analysis to the rifted continental margins of south-eastern Australia shows that rifting and separation of Australia from Antarctica and the Lord Howe Rise were accompanied by at least 1.5-3 km of uplift and erosion along the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait coasts. Uplift and erosion were much less 100 km or so inland. This shows that the uplift of the south-eastern Australian margins was caused by the continental rifting process, the same process that initiated major subsidence in the sedimentary basins in Bass Strait. The consistent fission track data patterns around south-eastern Australia suggest a generally similar tectonic setting for the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait parts of the margin. Lister et al. (in press) propose that the Tasman part of the margin is an upper plate type of margin that formed above a west-dipping detachment zone. The fission track data suggest that the Bass Strait part of the margin may also be of upper plate type.

Pasture and sheep responses to lime application in a grazing experiment in a high-rainfall area, south-eastern Australia. II. Liveweight gain and wool production

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
L. J. C. Castleman ◽  
R. P. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Period ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
High Rainfall Area ◽  
South Eastern Australia

‘Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations (MASTER)’ is a long-term pasture–crop rotation experiment commenced in 1992. One of the objectives was to demonstrate the extent of crop, pasture, and animal responses to lime application on a typical acidic soil in the 500–800 mm rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Two types of pastures (perennial v. annual pastures) with or without lime application were established in 1992. Fifteen- to eighteen-month-old Merino hoggets were used as test animals and were changed annually. This paper reports the results of sheep responses to liming from the 4 continuous pasture treatments over 6 years from 1992 to 1997. The stocking rate was the same on all plots within a treatment during each rotation period, but was varied between treatments based on the pasture availability and sheep body condition. The most important findings from this study are that the limed treatments carried 29% and 27% more stock (up to 4 DSE/ha) than the unlimed treatments for perennial and annual pastures, respectively. As a result, the limed perennial pastures produced 27% more liveweight gain (62 kg/ha.year) and 28% more greasy wool (13 kg/ha.year) than unlimed perennial pastures, whereas the limed annual pastures produced 34% more liveweight gain (77 kg/ha.year) and 24% more greasy wool (11 kg/ha.year) than unlimed annual pastures. The significant responses to lime in liveweight and wool production were detected from the second growing season after the pastures were established. The increased sheep productivity on the limed treatment was due to a combination of increased pasture production and improved pasture quality. Perennial pastures showed a slight advantage in wool production, but not in liveweight gain. However, the seasonal variation of liveweight was greater on annual pastures than on perennial pastures. The larger variation in liveweight change could lead to more adverse effects on wool quality especially at high grazing pressures. Grazing management can be used to manipulate pasture and animal productivity to increase profits from lime use.

Utilization of Appetite for Sodium Salts to Control Rabbit Populations by Poisoning.

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Myers
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Control Rabbit ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Bait Stations ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Rabbits in subalpine areas in south-eastern Australia show a marked avidity for sodium salts during the spring and early summer months. During that period rabbit populations may be controlled by allowing access to soft wooden meranti pegs impregnated with sodium chloride and sodium luoroacetate (poison 1080). If the pegs are left out as permanent bait stations they produce long-term effective control. The method should be applicable to other areas in Australia where soil sodium is very low.

The population ecology of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) within a network of remnant linear habitats

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney van der Ree
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Linear Habitats ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Squirrel Glider ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Natality Rate ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The geographic range of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in south-eastern Australia largely corresponds with fertile soils highly suited for agriculture. As a consequence of extensive clearing for agriculture, the conservation of P. norfolcensis in south-eastern Australia is now reliant on a mosaic of many fragmented and isolated patches of woodland and forest. In this study, I investigated the population dynamics of P. norfolcensis in an agricultural landscape where most remnant woodland occurs as linear strips along roadsides, unused road reserves and watercourses. A total of 251 gliders were trapped 1343 times within the linear habitats between December 1996 and November 1998. Gliders were resident within the linear strips at 0.95–1.54 individuals ha–1, a density equal to, or greater than, that recorded elsewhere for the species in continuous forest. All adult females were reproductively active and the mean natality rate was 1.9 young per adult female per year. Overall, the population age-structure appeared to be stable. While currently supporting a stable, high-density population, the long-term viability of these remnants as habitat is not assured because roadside reserves are narrow, easily fragmented and subjected to a host of deleterious processes causing ongoing habitat loss and degradation.

Fishes of the family Prototroctidae (Salmoniformes)

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM McDowall
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Gill Rakers ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lateral Scale ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The family Prototroctidae, the genus Prototroctes, and the two contained species-P. oxyrhynchus Gunther, 1870 (New Zealand) and P. maraena Gunther 1864 (south-eastern Australia and Tasmania) are described. P. oxyvhynchus is distinguished from P. maraena by much higher counts of lateral scale rows, vertebrae and gill rakers. What is known of the natural history of Prototroctes is reviewed. P. oxyvhynchus is extinct and P. maraena now rare; reasons for the decline of these species are discussed.

The genusMycoblastusin the cool temperate Southern Hemisphere, with special reference to Tasmania

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Campbell Island ◽  
South Eastern Australia

AbstractThe genusMycoblastusin cool temperate latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere is reviewed. Eight species are treated in detail:M. bryophilusImshaug ex Kantvilas sp. nov., from Campbell Island and Tasmania;M. campbellianus(Nyl.) Zahlbr.,M. coniophorus(Elix & A.W. Archer) Kantvilas & Elix comb. nov. andM. dissimulans(Nyl.) Zahlbr., all widespread across the austral region;M. disporus(C. Knight) Kantvilas comb. nov., from New Zealand and Tasmania;M. kalioruberKantvilas sp. nov, from Tasmania;M. sanguinarioidesKantvilas sp. nov., from Tasmania and south-eastern Australia; andM. leprarioidesKantvilas & Elix sp. nov., from south-eastern Australia (Victoria). Notes are provided on many other species ofMycoblastus, including those recognised for the Northern Hemisphere, and those originally described from austral regions but now excluded from the genus. Major characters of the genus are discussed, including thallus morphology and chemistry, apothecial pigments and ascus structure. It is suggested that the genus is heterogeneous and that some of its closest affinities may lie with the familyMegalariaceaeand the genusJapewia.

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