Morphological and molecular data support reinstatement of Spiridens muelleri Hampe (Bryophyta: Hypnodendraceae), a Lord Howe Island endemic

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Meagher ◽  
Michael J. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Island Endemic ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

For more than 75 years, the Lord Howe Island moss Spiridens muelleri Hampe has been considered conspecific with Spiridens vieillardii Schimp., originally described from New Caledonia. A comparison of morphological characters not previously considered, along with DNA sequences from three chloroplast loci (trnL–trnF, rps4–trnS, rpl32–trnL) and ITS-2 of nuclear rDNA, supports their recognition as separate species.

Sinalliaria, a new genus of Brassicaceae from eastern China, based on morphological and molecular data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 186 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Ying Zhou ◽  
HONG-WEI ZHANG ◽  
JIANG-QIN HU ◽  
Xiao-Feng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Seed Testa

Sinalliaria is described here as a new genus of the family Brassicaceae from eastern China, based on the morphological characters and molecular sequences. Sinalliaria differs from the related genus Orychophragmus in having basal leaves petiolate, simple or rarely with 1‒3 lateral lobes (not pinnatisect); cauline leaves petiolate, cordate at base (not sessile, auriculate or amplexicaul at base); petals obovate to narrowly obovate, claw inconspicuous (not broadly obovate, with a claw as along as sepal); siliques truncate (not long-beaked) at apex. The microscopic characters of seed testa also show significant differences between Sinalliaria and Orychophragmus. Phylogenetic evidence from DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid region trnL-trnF indicates that Sinalliaria is a distinct group related to Orychophragmus and Raphanus, but these three genera do not form a clade. The new genus Sinalliaria is endemic to eastern China and has only one species and one variety. The new combinations, S. limprichtiana (Pax) X. F. Jin, Y. Y. Zhou & H. W. Zhang and S. limprichtiana var. grandifolia (Z. X. An) X. F. Jin, Y. Y. Zhou & H. W. Zhang are proposed here.

scholarly journals The phylogenetic conundrum of Lutzia (Diptera: Culicidae: Culicini): a cautionary account of conflict and support

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Kitching ◽  
C. Lorna Culverwell ◽  
Ralph E. Harbach
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Generic Status ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Data Support

Lutzia Theobald was reduced to a subgenus of Culex in 1932 and was treated as such until it was restored to its original generic status in 2003, based mainly on modifications of the larvae for predation. Previous phylogenetic studies based on morphological and molecular data have provided conflicting support for the generic status of Lutzia: analyses of morphological data support the generic status whereas analyses based on DNA sequences do not. Our previous phylogenetic analyses of Culicini (based on 169 morphological characters and 86 species representing the four genera and 26 subgenera of Culicini, most informal group taxa of subgenus Culex and five outgroup species from other tribes) seemed to indicate a conflict between adult and larval morphological data. Hence, we conducted a series of comparative and data exclusion analyses to determine whether the alternative positions of Lutzia are due to conflicting signal or to a lack of strong signal. We found that separate and combined analyses of adult and larval data support different patterns of relationships between Lutzia and other Culicini. However, the majority of conflicting clades are poorly supported and once these are removed from consideration, most of the topological disparity disappears, along with much of the resolution, suggesting that morphology alone does not have sufficiently strong signal to resolve the position of Lutzia. We critically examine the results of other phylogenetic studies of culicinine relationships and conclude that no morphological or molecular data set analysed in any study conducted to date has adequate signal to place Lutzia unequivocally with regard to other taxa in Culicini. Phylogenetic relationships observed thus far suggest that Lutzia is placed within Culex but further data and extended taxon sampling are required to confirm its position relative to Culex.

Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Colgan ◽  
Gregory Edgecombe ◽  
Deirdre Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Eastern Australia

AbstractThe lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.

scholarly journals Craniodental morphology and phylogeny of marsupials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin M. D. Beck ◽  
Robert Voss ◽  
Sharon Jansa
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Dense Sampling

The current literature on marsupial phylogenetics includes numerous studies based on analyses of morphological data with relatively limited sampling of Recent and fossil taxa, and many studies based on analyses of molecular data that include a dense sampling of Recent taxa, but relatively few that combine both data types. Another dichotomy in the marsupial phylogenetic literature is between studies that focus on New World taxa, others that focus on Sahulian taxa. To date, there has been no attempt to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the global marsupial fauna, based on combined analyses of morphology and molecular sequences, for a dense sampling of Recent and fossil taxa. For this report, we compiled morphological and molecular data from an unprecedented number of Recent and fossil marsupials. Our morphological data consist of 180 craniodental characters that we scored for 97 species representing every currently recognized Recent genus, 42 additional ingroup (crown-clade marsupial) taxa represented by well-preserved fossils, and 5 outgroups (non-marsupial metatherians). Our molecular data comprise 24.5 kb of DNA sequences from whole-mitochondrial genomes and six nuclear loci (APOB, BRCA1, GHR, RAG1, RBP3 and VWF) for 97 marsupial terminals (the same Recent taxa scored for craniodental morphology) and several placental and monotreme outgroups. The results of separate and combined analyses of these data using a wide range of phylogenetic methods support many currently accepted hypotheses of ingroup (marsupial) relationships, but they also underscore the difficulty of placing fossils with key missing data (e.g., †Evolestes), and the unique difficulty of placing others that exhibit mosaics of plesiomorphic and autapomorphic traits (e.g., †Yalkaparidon). Unique contributions of our study are (1) critical discussions and illustrations of marsupial craniodental morphology, including descriptions and illustrations of some features never previously coded for phylogenetic analysis; (2) critical assessments of relative support for many suprageneric clades; (3) estimates of divergence times derived from tip-and-node dating based on uniquely taxon-dense analyses; and (4) a revised, higher-order classification of marsupials accompanied by lists of supporting craniodental synapomorphies. Far from the last word on these topics, this report lays the foundation for future research that may be enabled by the discovery of new fossil taxa, better-preserved material of previously described taxa, novel morphological characters, and improved methods of phylogenetic analysis.

Cladistic relationships among higher groups of Heteroptera: congruence between morphological and molecular data sets

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward C. Wheeler ◽  
Ranhy Bang ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

AbstractThe monophyly of the 7 infraorders of Heteroptera and history of higher group concepts and interrelationships within the Heteroptera are briefly reviewed. Data from 31 morphological characters are combined with 669 bases of 18S nuclear rDNA for 29 taxa, including several outgroups to the Heteroptera, to produce a phylogeny based on the total available evidence. The molecular data alone and in conjunction with morphological data indicate that: the Homoptera are probably not monophyletic; the Auchenorrhyncha are the sister group of Coleorrhyncha + Heteroptera ; the Enicocephalomorpha are the sister group of remaining Heteroptera; the Dipsocoromorpha are the sister group of remaining Heteroptera; the Gerromorpha are the sister group of remaining Heteroptera; the Nepomorpha are the sister group of remaining Heteroptera; the Leptopodomorpha are the sister group of the Cimicomorpha + Pentatomomorpha. The molecular evidence corroborates the morphologically based theory of a sister group relationship between Aradoidea and trichophoran Pentatomomorpha. This scheme deviates from that previously published by Schuh, in which the Leptopodomorpha were treated as the sister group of the Nepomorpha.

Phylogeny of the Erysiphales (powdery mildews) inferred from internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S Saenz ◽  
John W Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Clade 1

Phylogenetic relationships were inferred for 45 powdery mildews plus two outgroup species from internal transcribed spacer sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the powdery mildews formed six evolutionary lineages, which corresponded well to recently revised mitosporic taxa. Clade 1 consisted of Erysiphe, Microsphaera, and Uncinula, all of which have an Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium mitosporic state. Clade 2 consisted of Erysiphe galeopsidis and Erysiphe cumminsiana, which have an Oidium subgenus Striatoidium mitosporic state. Clade 3 consisted of Erysiphe species with an Oidium subgenus Reticuloidium mitosporic state. Clade 4 consisted of Leveillula and Phyllactinia, which have Oidiopsis and Ovulariopsis mitosporic states, respectively. Clade 5 consisted of Sphaerotheca, Podosphaera, and Cystotheca, which have Oidium subgenera Fibroidium and Setoidium mitosporic states. Clade 6 consisted of Blumeria graminis, which has an Oidium subgenus Oidium mitosporic state. Seventeen morphological characters were analysed and found not to conflict with the molecular data, so the morphological and molecular data were combined. The combined data increased the overall support for the six clades.Key words: Ascomycete, Blumeria, Erysiphe, fungi, molecular evolution, plant pathogen.

Do molecules matter more than morphology? Promises and pitfalls in parasites

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (13) ◽  
pp. 1664-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. PERKINS ◽  
E. S. MARTINSEN ◽  
B. G. FALK
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Preferential Amplification ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

SUMMARYSystematics involves resolving both the taxonomy and phylogenetic placement of organisms. We review the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of information commonly used for such inferences – morphological and molecular data – as applied to the systematics of metazoan parasites generally, with special attention to the malaria parasites. The problems that potentially confound the use of morphology in parasites include challenges to consistent specimen preservation, plasticity of features depending on hosts or other environmental factors, and morphological convergence. Molecular characters such as DNA sequences present an alternative data source and are particularly useful when not all the parasite's life stages are present or when parasitaemia is low. Nonetheless, molecular data can bring challenges that include troublesome DNA isolation, paralogous gene copies, difficulty in developing molecular markers, and preferential amplification in mixed species infections. Given the differential benefits and shortcomings of both molecular and morphological characters, both should be implemented in parasite taxonomy and phylogenetics.

scholarly journals Comparative morphology and phylogeny of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (Solanaceae) in Australia and the South Pacific

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E. Marks ◽  
Ed Newbigin ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

Molecular phylogenies alone have failed to resolve evolutionary relationships of Nicotiana L. section Suaveolentes Goodsp. (Solanaceae), a section largely comprising Australian endemics. Comparative morphology of Suaveolentes is illustrated and characters, together with the chromosome number, coded for phylogenetic analysis. Morphological characters included discrete characters of seeds and trichomes studied by scanning electron and light microscopy, and gap-coded quantitative measurements of flowers and vegetative organs. These data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and splits network, and compared to and combined with molecular analyses based on published nuclear and chloroplast-DNA sequences. Among morphological characters, there was a high level of homoplasy, possibly attributable to convergent evolution, hybridisation and introgression, and the underlying polyploid origin of the group. There was some conflict between the morphological and molecular datasets; however, overall there was a level of concordance that identified a phylogenetic sequence of taxa that reflected a reduction in the chromosome number. With N. africana as the functional outgroup, analyses showed N. fragrans (New Caledonia and Tongatapu) and N. fatuhivensis (Marquesas islands, formerly N. fragrans var. fatuhivensis) to be a basal lineage in the Australian and South Pacific clade of Suaveolentes. N. forsteri (eastern mainland Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia) is the sister taxon to all other Australian species of Suaveolentes, which form a well supported monophyletic group. Within this Australian endemic group, species with a chromosome count of n = 24 or 23 are early lineages. Two clades with a reduced chromosome number are the ‘N. simulans clade’ (all taxa with n = 20) and the ‘N. suaveolens clade’ (n = 19, 18, 16, or 15). The position of N. cavicola (n = 20 or 23) is equivocal, and it and several other species require further study. Some widespread taxa require greater sampling of populations to test for variation in morphology, DNA sequences and chromosome number for further elucidation of the evolutionary history of Suaveolentes.

Analysis of the differences between Syntormon pallipes and S. pseudospicatus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): morphological and molecular data

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316
Author(s):  
M.A. Chursina ◽  
I.Ya. Grichanov
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The recent catalogues of the family Dolichopodidae considered Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius, 1794) and S. pseudospicatus Strobl, 1899 as separate species. In this study, we used three approaches to estimate the significance of differences between the two species: molecular analysis (COI and 12S rRNA sequences), analysis of leg colour characters and geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape. The morphological data confirmed the absence of significant differences between S. pallipes and S. pseudospicatus found in the DNA analysis. Significant differences in the wing shape of two species have not been revealed. Hence, according to our data, there is no reason to consider S. pseudospicatus as a distinct species.

scholarly journals Three new species of the genus Coddingtonia from Asia (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Feng ◽  
Yucheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Three New Species

The current paper expands knowledge of the genus Coddingtonia Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009. Based on morphological characters and molecular data, three species are documented as new to science: C. erhuan Feng & Lin, sp. nov. (♀) from China, C. lizu Feng & Lin, sp. nov. (♀) from China, and C. huifengi Feng & Lin, sp. nov. (♂♀) from Indonesia. The type of C. euryopoides Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 is also reexamined. DNA sequences (COI), detailed illustrations of habitus, male palp and epigyne are provided for these four species, as well as a key and a distribution map for Coddingtonia species.

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