scholarly journals Comparative morphology and phylogeny of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (Solanaceae) in Australia and the South Pacific

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E. Marks ◽  
Ed Newbigin ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

Molecular phylogenies alone have failed to resolve evolutionary relationships of Nicotiana L. section Suaveolentes Goodsp. (Solanaceae), a section largely comprising Australian endemics. Comparative morphology of Suaveolentes is illustrated and characters, together with the chromosome number, coded for phylogenetic analysis. Morphological characters included discrete characters of seeds and trichomes studied by scanning electron and light microscopy, and gap-coded quantitative measurements of flowers and vegetative organs. These data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and splits network, and compared to and combined with molecular analyses based on published nuclear and chloroplast-DNA sequences. Among morphological characters, there was a high level of homoplasy, possibly attributable to convergent evolution, hybridisation and introgression, and the underlying polyploid origin of the group. There was some conflict between the morphological and molecular datasets; however, overall there was a level of concordance that identified a phylogenetic sequence of taxa that reflected a reduction in the chromosome number. With N. africana as the functional outgroup, analyses showed N. fragrans (New Caledonia and Tongatapu) and N. fatuhivensis (Marquesas islands, formerly N. fragrans var. fatuhivensis) to be a basal lineage in the Australian and South Pacific clade of Suaveolentes. N. forsteri (eastern mainland Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia) is the sister taxon to all other Australian species of Suaveolentes, which form a well supported monophyletic group. Within this Australian endemic group, species with a chromosome count of n = 24 or 23 are early lineages. Two clades with a reduced chromosome number are the ‘N. simulans clade’ (all taxa with n = 20) and the ‘N. suaveolens clade’ (n = 19, 18, 16, or 15). The position of N. cavicola (n = 20 or 23) is equivocal, and it and several other species require further study. Some widespread taxa require greater sampling of populations to test for variation in morphology, DNA sequences and chromosome number for further elucidation of the evolutionary history of Suaveolentes.

Morphological and molecular data support reinstatement of Spiridens muelleri Hampe (Bryophyta: Hypnodendraceae), a Lord Howe Island endemic

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Meagher ◽  
Michael J. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Rdna ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Island Endemic ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

For more than 75 years, the Lord Howe Island moss Spiridens muelleri Hampe has been considered conspecific with Spiridens vieillardii Schimp., originally described from New Caledonia. A comparison of morphological characters not previously considered, along with DNA sequences from three chloroplast loci (trnL–trnF, rps4–trnS, rpl32–trnL) and ITS-2 of nuclear rDNA, supports their recognition as separate species.

Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Colgan ◽  
Gregory Edgecombe ◽  
Deirdre Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Eastern Australia

AbstractThe lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of the Labeoninae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes) based on nuclear DNA sequences and implications on character evolution and biogeography

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanping Zheng ◽  
Junxing Yang ◽  
Xiaoyong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Character Evolution ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of

Abstract The Labeoninae is a subfamily of the family Cyprinidae, Order Cypriniformes. Oromandibular morphology within the Labeoninae is the greatest among cyprinid fishes. Although several phylogenetic studies about labeonines have been undertaken the results have been inconsistent and a comprehensive phylogeny is needed. Further, an incongruence between morphological and molecular phylogeny requires a systematic exploration of the significance of morphological characters on the basis of the molecular phylogeny. In this study, a total of 292 nucleotide sequences from 73 individuals (representing 24 genera and 73 species) of Labeoninae were analyzed. The results of the phylogenetic analysis indicate that there are four major clades within Labeoninae and three monophyletic lineages within the fourth clade. Results of the character evolution show that all oroman-dibular morphological characters are homoplastically distributed on the molecular phylogenetic tree and suggests that these characters evolved several times during the history of labeonines. In particular, the labeonine , a specific disc on the lower lip, has been acquired three times and reversed twice. These morphological characters do not have systematic significance but can be useful for taxonomy. The results of biogeography suggest that the Labeoninae originated from Southeast Asia and separately dispersed to Africa, East Asia and South Asia.

Dispersal versus vicariance in the Aegean: combining molecular and morphological phylogenies of eastern Mediterranean Dendarus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) sheds new light on the phylogeography of the Aegean area

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 824-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apostolos Trichas ◽  
Maria Smirli ◽  
Anna Papadopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Anastasiou ◽  
Bekir Keskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
North Aegean ◽  
Darkling Beetles ◽  
High Level ◽  
Group D

Abstract The Aegean archipelago, as an ‘evolutionary laboratory of nature’, is an ideal model for research in phylogeography. In this area, the darkling beetles of the genus Dendarus (distributed from Morocco to the Caucasus) exhibit a high level of diversity with 36 species, 27 of which are island endemics. However, their taxonomy is complex and unstable, having undergone continuous revision to address extensive morphological and ecological plasticity. Here, we examine the phylogenetic relationships of 23 species from Greece and Turkey, using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and 61 morphological characters, to unveil their phylogeny in the Aegean. This helps to clarify phylogeographic scenarios and historical processes that shaped the observed patterns. The analyses reveal 13 distinct lineages with several para- and polyphyletic cases that correspond to three major phylogroups [south/south-east Aegean (D. foraminosus complex, D. rhodius, D. sporadicus, D. wettsteini); central to north Aegean, Turkey and mainland Greece (D. crenulatus, D. moesiacus group, D. sinuatus complex, D. stygius) and mainland Greece (D. messenius, D. paganettii)], indicating the need for further taxonomic re-evaluation. Lineage topology and phylogeography suggest a spatial and temporal sequence of geographic isolation, following either a vicariant or a dispersal model coincident with major palaeogeographic separations in the Aegean.

scholarly journals Comparative Morphology, Phylogeny, Classification and Evolution of Interstitial Habits in Microcambevine Catfishes (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Taxonomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-344
Author(s):  
Wilson J. E. M. Costa ◽  
Axel M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Available Information

The Microcambevinae are a catfish subfamily endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising rare species with interstitial habits. Microcambevines have been classified in two genera, Listrura and Microcambeva, but the relationships among included intrageneric lineages are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study are to conduct a phylogenetic analysis integrating morphological characters and a multigene dataset, and to propose a classification better reflecting morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analyses combining 57 morphological characters and a 2563 bp molecular dataset generated similar phylogenetic trees with high support values for most clades, including the two genera and some intrageneric groups. Six morphologically distinctive infrageneric lineages, three in Listrura and three in Microcambeva, are classified as subgenera, as well as two new species are described. The morphological diversity here recorded integrated to available information about habitat indicate high level of divergent specialisation among lineages. The analyses indicate a series of convergent morphological traits between Listrura and other teleosts sharing a fossorial lifestyle, as well as specialised traits independently occurring within Listrura lineages. Similarly, a great diversity of morphological traits occurs convergently in Microcambeva lineages and other teleosts sharing psammophilic habits. This study shows that combining molecular and morphological data yields well-supported phylogenies, making possible to unambiguously diagnose clades and to establish evolutionary hypothesis on morphological evolution.

scholarly journals SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF 18s DNA OF Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp. AND Porphyridium sp.

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Lucia Kusumawati ◽  
Ruben Wahyudi ◽  
Reinhard Pinontoan ◽  
Maria Gorreti Lily Panggabean
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
High Level

<p>Phytoplankton has high level of biodiversity. In previous years phytoplankton was identified by their morphological characters. However, their morphology might change in different environments. These difficulties can be overcome by comparing their 18S rDNA sequences. This research is aimed to verify the identity of Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp. and Porphyridium sp. Here, PCR method was used to amplify 18s DNA sequences. Three primer pairs were used, i.e. 18S-F and 18S-R; 501F and 1700R; 18S-2F and 18S-2R. PCR products were sequenced. MEGA5 was used to make phylogenetic tree. Genus verification for Isochrysis sp., Dunaliella sp. and Melosira sp. were conducted successfully using Blast and phylogenetic tree. 18s DNA sequence of Porphyridium sp. shows an interesting result and needs further verification.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Phytoplankton, Melosira sp., Dunaliella sp., Isochrysis sp., Porphyridium sp.</p>

scholarly journals Gecko diversity: a history of global discovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Peter Uetz ◽  
Alex Slavenko ◽  
Shai Meiri ◽  
Matthew Heinicke
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Family Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Type ◽  
The Tropics

1935 gecko species (and 224 subspecies) were known in December 2019 in seven families and 124 genera. These nearly 2000 species were described by ~950 individuals of whom more than 100 described more than 10 gecko species each. Most gecko species were discovered during the past 40 years. The primary type specimens of all currently recognized geckos (including subspecies) are distributed over 161 collections worldwide, with 20 collections having about two thirds of all primary types. The primary type specimens of about 40 gecko taxa have been lost or unknown. The phylogeny of geckos is well studied, with DNA sequences being available for ~76% of all geckos (compared to ~63% in other reptiles) and morphological characters now being collected in databases. Geographically, geckos occur on five continents and many islands but are most species-rich in Australasia (which also houses the greatest diversity of family-level taxa), Southeast Asia, Africa, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Among countries, Australia has the highest number of geckos (241 species), with India, Madagascar, and Malaysia being the only other countries with more than 100 described species each. As expected, when correcting for land area, countries outside the tropics have fewer geckos.

scholarly journals The diverse origins of New Zealand house mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy B Searle ◽  
Paul M Jamieson ◽  
İslam Gündüz ◽  
Mark I Stevens ◽  
Eleanor P Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Mus Musculus Musculus ◽  
History Of

Molecular markers and morphological characters can help infer the colonization history of organisms. A combination of mitochondrial (mt) d -loop DNA sequences, nuclear DNA data, external measurements and skull characteristics shows that house mice ( Mus musculus ) in New Zealand and its outlying islands are descended from very diverse sources. The predominant genome is Mus musculus domesticus (from western Europe), but Mus musculus musculus (from central Europe) and Mus musculus castaneus (from southern Asia) are also represented genetically. These subspecies have hybridized to produce combinations of musculus and domesticus nuclear DNA coupled with domesticus mtDNA, and castaneus or musculus mtDNA with domesticus nuclear DNA. The majority of the mice with domesticus mtDNA that we sampled had d -loop sequences identical to two haplotypes common in Britain. This is consistent with long-term British–New Zealand cultural linkages. The origins of the castaneus mtDNA sequences widespread in New Zealand are less easy to identify.

scholarly journals First endemic freshwaterGammarusfrom Crete and its evolutionary history—an integrative taxonomy approach

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Hupało ◽  
Tomasz Mamos ◽  
Weronika Wrzesińska ◽  
Michał Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
High Level

The Mediterranean islands are known as natural laboratories of evolution with a high level of endemic biodiversity. However, most biodiversity assessments have focused mainly on terrestrial and marine fauna, leaving the freshwater animals aside. Crete is one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Basin, with a long history of isolation from the continental mainland. Gammarid amphipods are often dominant in macrozoobenthic communities in European inland waters. They are widely used in biomonitoring and exotoxicological studies. Herein, we describeGammarus plaitisisp. nov., endemic to Cretan streams, based on morphological characters and a set of molecular species delimitation methods using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA genes as well as nuclear 28S rDNA, ITS1 and EF1-alpha genes. The divergence of the new species is strongly connected with the geological history of the island supporting its continental origin.

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