The influence of surface incorporated lime and gypsiferous by-products on surface and subsurface soil acidity. II. Root growth and agronomic implications

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Bolan ◽  
H. L. Wang ◽  
M. J. Hedley ◽  
D. J. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
By Products

Lucerne (Medicago sativa. L) root elongation in acid soils amended by gypsiferous coal combustion by-products was investigated in a glasshouse study. Lime, fluidised bed boiler ash (FBA), and flue gas desulfurisation gypsum (FGDG) were mixed into the surface 50 mm of either an Allophanic (the Patua sand loam) or an Ultic (the Kaawa clay loam) soil column, at rates containing calcium equivalent to 5000 kg/ha of CaCO3. Lucerne was grown on each column after it was leached with 400 mm of water. Whereas the lime treatment had no effect on root elongation in the acidic subsurface of the Patua soil, the FBA and FGDG treatments significantly improved lucerne root penetration into the subsurface soil (P < 0·05). This was due to the ‘self-liming effect’ induced by sulfate adsorption. Regression analysis indicated that the molar ratio of labile monomeric aluminium and calcium in soil solution (Al : Ca) was a good indicator of the degree of root growth into subsurface soil layers (R2= 0·94). In contrast, topsoil incorporated amendments did not influence root penetration into the acidic subsurface of the Kaawa soil, which is dominated by permanently charged clay minerals. The ‘self-liming effect’ caused by gypsum application is not a sustainable practice. Lime should be applied to neutralise the topsoil acidity, when gypsum is used as subsurface soil acidity ameliorant. FBA, which contains both lime and gypsum, can meet these requirements.

scholarly journals Slow movement of alkali from surface-applied lime warrants the introduction of strategic tillage for rapid amelioration of subsurface acidity in south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Azam ◽  
C. Gazey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Conventional surface-application of agricultural lime takes many years to increase pH deeper in the soil profile, which is a barrier to increased adoption of liming. We conducted a series of experiments to measure the rate of vertical movement of alkali and identify the factors that determine this movement into the subsurface, to evaluate the feasibility of ameliorating acidic subsurface soil using residual (undissolved) lime (CaCO3) at Wongan Hills (30.85°S, 116.74°E) and Merredin (31.48°S, 118.21°E) and to test whether deep tillage and lime incorporation can significantly speed up the amelioration of subsurface soil acidity at Kalannie (30.42°S, 117.29°E). Multiple applications of lime to the surface of the soil at higher rates (total 6–8.5 Mg ha–1) significantly increased subsurface soil pH but only in the 0.10–0.20 m depth by 0.049 pH units per year over 10–24 years. A large proportion of the surface-applied lime was stratified in the top few centimetres of the soil and incorporation of this undissolved lime with a rotary hoe to a depth of 0.25 m significantly increased soil pH (by 0.63 units) within a year in the Wongan Hills field experiment. Deep incorporation of 6 Mg ha–1 lime to a depth of 0.45 m through excavation and spading with a small rotary hoe also increased soil pH by more than a unit and decreased Al concentration to below the toxic level within two months in the Kalannie experiment, allowing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to produce root systems up to 0.59 m deep compared with 0.26 m for the control. Our soil column leaching experiment indicated that surface incorporation of lime in higher rainfall regions can be useful to treat subsurface soil acidity but that the rate of improvement in subsurface pH was slow. Therefore, deeper incorporation of lime using cost-effective strategic deep tillage is likely to be necessary.

A Solvent-Dependent and Electrochemically Controlled Self-Assembling/Disassembling System

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1647-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Amendola ◽  
Massimo Boiocchi ◽  
Yuri Diaz Fernandez ◽  
Carlo Mangano ◽  
Piersandro Pallavicini
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Mixture ◽  
Bidentate Ligand ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Crystal And Molecular Structures ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Irreversible Oxidation ◽  
Irreversible Reduction ◽  
Metal Ligand

The bis-bidentate ligand R,S-1,2-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(2-quinolinemethylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine (ligand 4), containing two (iminomethyl)quinoline moieties separated by a cis-1,2-diphenylethylene spacer, forms stable complexes with both CuI and CuII. With CuII, the monomeric 1:1 complex [CuII(4)]2+ is obtained both in CH3CN and CH2Cl2. With CuI and overall 1:1 metal/ligand molar ratio, an equilibrium mixture is obtained in CH3CN, consisting of [CuI(4)2]+, [CuI2(4)2]2+ and [CuI2(4)(CH3CN)4]2+. The preponderant species is the two-metal one-ligand "open" complex [CuI2(4)(CH3CN)4]2+, in which each Cu+ cation is coordinated in a tetrahedral fashion by one (iminomethyl)quinoline unit and by two CH3CN molecules. Precipitation from the equilibrium mixture yields only crystals of [CuI2(4)(CH3CN)4](ClO4)2·2CH3CN, whose crystal and molecular structures have been determined. On the other hand, in the poorly coordinating CH2Cl2 solvent, only the dimeric helical [CuI2(4)2]2+ complex is obtained, when the overall metal/ligand 1:1 molar ratio is chosen. Addition of large quantities of acetonitrile to solutions of [CuI2(4)2]2+ in dichlorometane results in the formation of [CuI2(4)(CH3CN)4]2+, i.e. in the solvent-driven disassembling of the CuI helicate. While electrochemistry in CH3CN is poorly defined due to the presence of more than one CuI species, cyclic voltammetry experiments carried out in CH2Cl2 revealed a well defined behavior, with irreversible oxidation of [CuI2(4)2]2+ and irreversible reduction of [CuII(4)]2+ taking place at separate potentials (∆E ≈ 700 mV). Irreversibility and separation of the redox events are due to the self-assembling and disassembling processes following the reduction and oxidation, respectively.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and transcriptional analyses of MATE transporter genes in root tips of wild Cicer spp. under aluminium stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Brayden Weir ◽  
Hongru Wei ◽  
Zhiwei Deng ◽  
Xiaoqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Al Treatment

AbstractChickpea is an economically important legume crop with high nutritional value in human diets. Aluminium-toxicity poses a significant challenge for the yield improvement of this increasingly popular crop in acidic soils. The wild progenitors of chickpea may provide a more diverse gene pool for Al-tolerance in chickpea breeding. However, the genetic basis of Al-tolerance in chickpea and its wild relatives remains largely unknown. Here, we assessed the Al-tolerance of six selected wild Cicer accessions by measuring the root elongation in solution culture under control (0 µM Al3+) and Al-treatment (30 µM Al3+) conditions. Al-treatment significantly reduced the root elongation in all target lines compared to the control condition after 2-day’s growth. However, the relative reduction of root elongation in different lines varied greatly: 3 lines still retained significant root growth under Al-treatment, whilst another 2 lines displayed no root growth at all. We performed genome-wide identification of multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) encoding genes in the Cicer genome. A total of 56 annotated MATE genes were identified, which divided into 4 major phylogeny groups (G1-4). Four homologues to lupin LaMATE (> 50% aa identity; named CaMATE1-4) were clustered with previously characterised MATEs related to Al-tolerance in various other plants. qRT-PCR showed that CaMATE2 transcription in root tips was significantly up-regulated upon Al-treatment in all target lines, whilst CaMATE1 was up-regulated in all lines except Bari2_074 and Deste_064, which coincided with the lines displaying no root growth under Al-treatment. Transcriptional profiling in five Cicer tissues revealed that CaMATE1 is specifically transcribed in the root tissue, further supporting its role in Al-detoxification in roots. This first identification of MATE-encoding genes associated with Al-tolerance in Cicer paves the ways for future functional characterization of MATE genes in Cicer spp., and to facilitate future design of gene-specific markers for Al-tolerant line selection in chickpea breeding programs.

scholarly journals Alleviating soil acidity through plant organic compounds

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson R. Meda ◽  
Marcelo E. Cassiolato ◽  
Marcos A. Pavan ◽  
Mário Miyazawa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Oil Seed

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water soluble plant extracts on soil acidity. The plant materials were: black oat, oil seed radish, white and blue lupin, gray and dwarf mucuna, Crotalaria spectabilis and C. breviflora, millet, pigeon pea, star grass, mato grosso grass, coffee leaves, sugar cane leaves, rice straw, and wheat straw. Plant extracts were added on soil surface in a PVC soil column at a rate of 1.0 ml min-1. Both soil and drainage water were analyzed for pH, Ca, Al, and K. Plant extracts applied on the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca ex and Kex and decreased Al ex. Oil seed radish, black oat, and blue lupin were the best and millet the worst materials to alleviate soil acidity. Oil seed radish markedly increased Al in the drainage water. Chemical changes were associated with the concentrations of basic cations in the plant extract: the higher the concentration the greater the effects in alleviating soil acidity.

scholarly journals Root Growth of Avocado is More Sensitive to Salinity than Shoot Growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bernstein ◽  
A. Meiri ◽  
M. Zilberstaine
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Volumetric Growth

In most crop species, growth of the shoot is more sensitive to salt stress than root growth. Avocado [Persea americana Mill.] is very sensitive to NaCl stress. Even low concentrations of salt (15 mm) inhibit tree growth and decrease productivity. Observations in experimental orchards have suggested that root growth in avocado might be more restricted by salinity than shoot growth. In the present study, we evaluated quantitatively the inhibitory effects of salt stress on growth of the avocado root in comparison to the shoot. Seedling plants of the West-Indian rootstock `Degania 117' were grown in complete nutrient solution containing 1, 5, 15, or 25 mm NaCl. The threshold NaCl concentration causing root and shoot growth reduction occurred between 5 and 15 mm. At all concentrations, root growth was much more sensitive to salinity than shoot growth. A concentration of 15 mm NaCl, which did not affect the rate of leaf emergence on the plant and decreased leaf biomass production only 10%, induced a 43% reduction in the rate of root elongation and decreased root volumetric growth rate by 33%. Under 25 mm NaCl, leaf biomass production, leaf initiation rate and leaf elongation rate were reduced 19.5%, 12%, and 5%, respectively, while root volumetric growth and root elongation rate were reduced 65% and 75%, respectively. This strong root growth inhibition is expected to influence the whole plant and therefore root growth under salinity should be considered as an important criterion for rootstocks' tolerance to NaCl.

scholarly journals Effect of soil acidity, soil strength and macropores on root growth and morphology of perennial grass species differing in acid-soil resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA E. HALING ◽  
RICHARD J. SIMPSON ◽  
RICHARD A. CULVENOR ◽  
HANS LAMBERS ◽  
ALAN E. RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Resistance

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Superplasticizer with a Multi-Arm Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Zi Ming Wang ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Yun Sheng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
The Self ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Esterification Rate ◽  
And Performance

A novel superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure, i.e., a “core” connected with multiple copolymer “arms”, was synthesized through two steps including an esterification reaction between polyhydric alcohols and acrylic acid and a copolymerization reaction in an aqueous solution among the esterification product, isobutenyl polyethylene glycol and acrylic acid. The reaction conditions were determined, and the results showed that the esterification rate can reach above 95% with a water-carrying agent of 70g, a catalyst/alcohol molar ratio of 0.07, an inhibitor/monomer molar ratio of 0.03, and a reaction time of 7 hrs. The reaction products were characterized by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is confirmed to be the multi-arm structure, and the self-synthesized superplasticizer with a multi-arm structure exhibited higher energy efficiency, which was in accordance with its excellent paste fluidity performances and adsorption behavior in cement paste

Effects of subsoil calcium on the root growth of some lucerne genotypes (Medicago sativa L.) in acidic soil profiles

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson ◽  
A Pinkerton ◽  
J Lazdovskis
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Final Harvest

The root growth of lucerne was examined in an acidic soil profile modified by varying additions of calcium carbonate to different layers of the subsoil. Root growth responded strongly to changes in the concentration of exchangeable soil calcium. Symptoms of thickening, distortion and poor lateral formation occurred under low calcium treatments. The results were in agreement with the interacting effects of calcium (at 0.5–5.0mM) and aluminium ions (at 0–20,µM) on lucerne in separate solution culture experiments. Differences in root penetration were observed between three lucerne clones selected from the cultivars Hunter River and Siro Peruvian. At the first harvest, the magnitude of these differences was increased by the addition of lime to the profiles. The three genotypes produced similar total dry weight yields, but differed in their distribution of growth between shoots and roots. This distribution was not affected by the addition of lime to the subsoil. However, the length of roots in the lower layer of the profile ( > 60 cm depth) was more responsive to subsoil treatment than was total dry weight. At the final harvest, the shoot yields of two genotypes were affected by lime treatments, but that of the deepest-rooted genotype was not. The results suggest that improved genotypes could be selected from Australian lucernes for establishment in areas with acidic subsoils, but that selection on root penetration alone would not necessarily lead to increased shoot yields.

Root growth and anchorage by transplanted ‘Tifgreen’ (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) turfgrass

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Amthor ◽  
James B. Beard
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Root Anchorage ◽  
Anchoring Strength

Field experiments quantified factors affecting root growth and anchorage by transplanted ‘Tifgreen’ (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) sod, a globally important warm-season C4 turfgrass. Vertical force required to detach recently transplanted sod from underlying soil was the measure of root anchoring strength. In early spring, date of sod harvest and transplantation was important to root growth and anchorage measured 30 days after transplantation. Delaying sod harvest/transplantation by about a month after the end of the winter shoot dormancy period increased root anchoring strength 200% and root dry mass 640% during the 30 days after sodding. The strong effect of early-spring sodding date on root anchorage was related to cumulative thermal time before sod harvesting. Root anchoring strength was directly proportional to the number, but not mass, of roots produced by transplanted sod. In late spring, anchoring of sod to very firm traffic-compacted clay was 87% greater than to loamy sand, measured 14 days after sodding. N-P-K fertilisation did not affect late-spring sod anchorage to loamy sand soil, measured 18 days after sodding, but did enhance shoot density and colour. Sod root penetration into a silt loam soil was unaffected by an initially dry surface layer when sufficient irrigation was used. Overall, root anchorage by transplanted Tifgreen sod was similar to, or greater than, values reported for cool-season C3 turfgrasses in similar circumstances.

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