Root growth and anchorage by transplanted ‘Tifgreen’ (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis) turfgrass

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Amthor ◽  
James B. Beard
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Root Anchorage ◽  
Anchoring Strength

Field experiments quantified factors affecting root growth and anchorage by transplanted ‘Tifgreen’ (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) sod, a globally important warm-season C4 turfgrass. Vertical force required to detach recently transplanted sod from underlying soil was the measure of root anchoring strength. In early spring, date of sod harvest and transplantation was important to root growth and anchorage measured 30 days after transplantation. Delaying sod harvest/transplantation by about a month after the end of the winter shoot dormancy period increased root anchoring strength 200% and root dry mass 640% during the 30 days after sodding. The strong effect of early-spring sodding date on root anchorage was related to cumulative thermal time before sod harvesting. Root anchoring strength was directly proportional to the number, but not mass, of roots produced by transplanted sod. In late spring, anchoring of sod to very firm traffic-compacted clay was 87% greater than to loamy sand, measured 14 days after sodding. N-P-K fertilisation did not affect late-spring sod anchorage to loamy sand soil, measured 18 days after sodding, but did enhance shoot density and colour. Sod root penetration into a silt loam soil was unaffected by an initially dry surface layer when sufficient irrigation was used. Overall, root anchorage by transplanted Tifgreen sod was similar to, or greater than, values reported for cool-season C3 turfgrasses in similar circumstances.

Poor Vertical Root Development May Contribute to Suppression in a Red Pine Plantation

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Suppression Process

Initial stem and root growth of trees that became suppressed within 30 years in a red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation were poorer than those that became codominants. Stem and horizontal root extension improved later but then declined. The likelihood of suppression may have been initiated at or before planting. Inadequate development, perhaps through chance, of vertical roots that could tap moisture-holding layers at the 2.8 m depth in the well-drained loamy sand soil contributed to the suppression process.

Tolerance of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Putting Greens to Herbicide Treatments

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Herbicides were applied annually in March or March plus August to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. Tifdwarf’] putting greens for 6 yr. Bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] delayed early spring growth of bermudagrass less than the other herbicides, but did not adversely affect turf quality during the growing season. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] treatments applied twice each year severely retarded turf growth and reduced the quality and stand of bermudagrass. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide] and prosulfalin {N-[[4-dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl] sulfonyl]-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine} treatments reduced root growth of bermudagrass.

scholarly journals Growth and Root Penetration by Large Crabgrass and Bermudagrass Through Mulch and Fabric Barriers

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-199
Author(s):  
Bonnie Lee Appleton ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Open Versus ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Four polypropylene fabrics and five polyethylene (plastic) films, covered with shredded pinebark mulch, were compared for suppression of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) shoot and root growth, and root penetration. No covering completely controlled either grass, but significant differences existed between materials, with Weed-X giving the best overall shoot suppression. Penetration of both grasses' roots was less through Weed-X, Weed Control and brown polyethylene than through Weed Barrier, Duon, Typar, WeedBlock, Magic Mat and Weedstop. Weed growth in the mulch layers atop the fabrics and films are significant. Resistance to weed root penetration was possibly related to the percent of open versus closed areas of the fabrics and films. Fabrics or perforated films with greater root penetration resistance should generally provide greater overall landscape weed control than those allowing greater root penetration.

scholarly journals Do applications of systemic herbicides when green fruit are present prevent seed production or viability of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard)?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Leo Roth ◽  
José Luiz C. S. Dias ◽  
Christopher Evans ◽  
Kevin Rohling ◽  
Mark Renz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Second Year

Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] is a biennial invasive plant commonly found in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Although it is not recommended to apply herbicides after flowering, land managers frequently desire to conduct management during this timing. We applied glyphosate and triclopyr (3% v/v and 1% v/v using 31.8% and 39.8% acid equivalent formulations, respectively) postemergence to established, second-year A. petiolata populations at three locations when petals were dehiscing, and evaluated control, seed production and seed viability. Postemergence glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations whereas triclopyr efficacy was variable, providing 38-62% control. Seed production was only reduced at one location, with similar results regardless of treatment. Percent seed viability was also reduced, and when combined with reductions in seed production, we found a 71-99% reduction in number of viable seed produced plant-1 regardless of treatment. While applications did not eliminate viable seed production, our findings indicate that glyphosate and triclopyr applied while petals were dehiscing is a viable alternative to cutting or hand-pulling at this timing as it substantially decreased viable A. petiolata seed production. Management Implications Postemergence glyphosate and triclopyr applications in the early spring to rosettes are standard treatments used to manage A. petiolata. However, weather and other priorities limit the window for management, forcing field practitioners to utilize more labor-intensive methods such as hand-pulling. It is not known how late in the development of A. petiolata these herbicides can be applied to prevent viable seed production. Since prevention of soil seedbank replenishment is a key management factor for effective long-term control of biennial invasive species, we hypothesized late spring foliar herbicide applications to second year A. petiolata plants when flower petals were dehiscing could be an effective management tool if seed production or viability is eliminated. Our study indicated that glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata plants by 4 weeks after treatment at all locations, whereas triclopyr efficacy was inconsistent. Although both glyphosate and triclopyr decreased viable seed production to nearly zero at one of our three study locations, the same treatments produced significant amounts of viable seed at the other two locations. Our findings suggest late spring glyphosate and triclopyr applications should not be recommended over early spring applications to rosettes for A. petiolata management, as our late spring application timing did not prevent viable seed production, and may require multiple years of implementation to eradicate populations. Nonetheless, this application timing holds value in areas devoid of desirable understory vegetation compared to no management practices or mechanical management options including hand-pulling when fruit are present, as overall viable seed production was reduced to similar levels as these treatments.

Fall and Spring Preplant Herbicide Applications Influence Spring Emergence of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince M. Davis ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Bryan G. Young ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
No Till ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
Residual Control

Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) is a common weed in no-till crop production systems. It is problematic because of the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and its ability to complete its life cycle as a winter or summer annual weed. Tactics to control horseweed while controlling other winter annual weeds routinely fail; herbicide application timing and spring emergence patterns of horseweed may be responsible. The objectives of this experiment were to (1) determine the influence of fall and spring herbicides with and without soil residual horseweed activity on spring-emerging glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed density and (2) evaluate the efficacy and persistence of saflufenacil on GR horseweed. Field studies were conducted in southern Indiana and Illinois from fall 2006 to summer 2007 and repeated in 2007 to 2008. Six preplant herbicide treatments were applied at four application timings: early fall, late fall, early spring, and late spring. Horseweed plants were counted every 2 wk following the first spring application until the first week of July. Horseweed almost exclusively emerged in the spring at both locations. Spring horseweed emergence was higher when 2,4-D + glyphosate was fall-applied and controlled other winter annual weeds. With fall-applied 2,4-D + glyphosate, over 90% of the peak horseweed density was observed before April 25. In contrast, only 25% of the peak horseweed density was observed in the untreated check by April 25. Starting from the initiation of horseweed emergence in late March, chlorimuron + tribenuron applied early fall or early spring, and spring-applied saflufenacil at 100 g ai/ha provided greater than 90% horseweed control for 12 wk. Early spring–applied saflufenacil at 50 g ai/ha provided 8 wk of greater than 90% residual control, and early spring–applied simazine provided 6 wk of greater than 90% control. When applied in late spring, saflufenacil was the only herbicide treatment that reduced horseweed densities by greater than 90% compared to 2,4-D + glyphosate. We concluded from this research that fall applications of nonresidual herbicides can increase the rate and density of spring emerging horseweed. In addition, spring-applied saflufenacil provides no-till producers with a new preplant herbicide for foliar and residual control of glyphosate- and ALS-resistant horseweed.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF LATE SPRING-EARLY SUMMER PASTURE SURPLUSES IN HILL COUNTRY

1984 ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Sheath ◽  
R.W. Webby ◽  
W.J. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Animal Performances ◽  
Grazing Policy ◽  
Made In

Comparisons of controlling late spring to early summer pasture growth on either easy or steep contoured land with either a fast rotation or continuous grazing policy were made in self-contained farmlets for two years. Pasture control was maintained over more land by controlling steep land first and with continuous grazing. Animal performances (ewes, steers) were generally similar for the mid-November to early January treatment period, and subsequently until May shearing. In the first year better animal performances occurred in "steep control" farmlets during winter and early spring, but this was less evident in the second year. Priority control of steep land during late spring-early summer is recommended because of likely longer-term benefits in pasture composition,density and production. Quick rotation grazing through the period provides a better ability to recognise and manage pasture quantities and should be adopted if summer droughts are anticipated. For well fenced properties in summer-wet areas and with integrated stock grazing, continuous grazing during late spring-early summer may be equally suitable. Keywords: hill country, grazing management, pasture control

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