Mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in tropical soils

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Ismail ◽  
K. Kalithasan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Rainfall Total

The mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in 5 soil series with different organic contents was determined in a greenhouse as well as under natural conditions. In these studies, the movement and biological activity of metsulfuron-methyl were determined by the bioassay method using long bean as a bioassay species. Bioactivity and movement of the herbicide down the soil profile were inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. Phytotoxic levels of metsulfuron-methyl were restricted to the 10-cm depth of the column containing Selangor Series soil except when it received 40 mL of water daily (depth, 10–15 cm). In Munchung Series, the phytotoxic level was also mainly in the 5–10 cm layer. However, when the column received 40 mL daily or every 4 days, the residue was detected in 15–20 cm and 10–15 cm zones, respectively. The phytotoxic level moved downward to the 20–25 cm layer both in Sogomana and Holyrood Series when 40 mL of water was given daily. A phytotoxic level of metsulfuron herbicide was detected in the 20–25 cm layer when the soil column containing Serdang Series was leached with 40 mL of water every 4 days or with 20 mL daily; the phytotoxic level was detected at a depth of 25–30 cm when this soil was watered daily with 40 mL. The downward movement of metsulfuron under natural conditions showed a pattern similar to that found under simulated conditions. Phytotoxic effects of the residue could be detected in the 25–30 cm and 15–20 cm zone of Serdang and Holyrood Series, respectively, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall (total 111·9 mm). Phytotoxic residue in both Sogomana and Munchung Series soil was detected in the 10–15 cm layer, and in the 5–10 cm layer for Selangor Series soil, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall. After exposure to 40 days of rainfall (total 152·8 mm) under natural conditions, the residue could be detected in the 15–20 cm layer of Selangor Series. The phytotoxic level moved deeper in soil with low organic matter after exposure to 40 days of rainfall. Fresh weight reduction was greater in the 20–30 cm layer in Serdang Series than in the top layer.

scholarly journals The status of phosphorus and other fertility parameters in soils of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo A. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

There is a need to quantitatively assess the soil fertility status of tropical soils. Descriptive summaries help describe the effectiveness of liming programs, nutritional limitation in soils and the relative risk of off-field nutrient transport. A database of 1,168 soil test results collected from 1989 to 1999 from nearly 400 cultivated farms in Puerto Rico was used. Samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter (Walkley-Black method), extractable phosphorus (P) (Olsen and Bray 1), and exchangeable bases (NH4Oac method) by a commercial laboratory. Thirty-six percent of the samples had acidity problems (pH <5.5). Twenty-three percent of the samples had low organic matter content (<20 g/kg), and 16% had high category (>40 g/kg) values. Fifty-three and 56% of the samples showed a need to fertilize with magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), respectively, because they had values below the suggested critical levels of 2.5 cmolc/kg for soil exchangeable Mg and of 0.4 cmolc/kg for K. On the basis of current soil fertility criteria, P fertilization would be required in 69% of the samples with pH less than 7.3, but only in 28% of the samples with pH greater than or equal to 7.3. Although the soils grouped with pH >7.3 had a greater proportion of samples in the "extremely high" soil test P category, the potential environmental impact may be lessened because the climatic and topographic conditions where these soils occur favor less runoff. Follow-up studies are needed to assess the spatial variability and the temporal dynamics of the nutritional status of soils of Puerto Rico. 

Fate and behaviour of triasulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, and chlorsulfuron in the Australian soil environment: a review

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit K. Sarmah ◽  
Rai S. Kookana ◽  
A. M. Alston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity

The sulfonylurea herbicides comprise a group of compounds designed to control broad-leaved weeds and some grasses in a variety of crops. The herbicides have become popular because of their low application rates (10-40 g/ha), low mammalian toxicity, and unprecedented herbicidal activity. We present a review of the fate and behaviour of these herbicides in soils with particular reference to alkaline soils of Australia. The review shows that the low application rates of sulfonylurea herbicides continue to present an analytical challenge, although in recent years a number of new methods capable of detecting them at very low concentrations have been developed. A range of analytical methods is available, including high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, immunoassay, and bioassay. However, analytical sensitivity required to detect trace levels of these herbicides continues to pose problems in routine detection of herbicide residues in soils. The review reveals that there are no reports of studies of the behaviour of sulfonylureas in soils with pH >8·2. This is of particular significance to Australian conditions because a number of Australian soils are even more alkaline, and the pH(water) in subsoils can be as high as 10· 2. Sorption of sulfonylureas is pH-dependent and has a strong negative correlation with pH. At pH >8·0 sorption is very low. In acid soils, however, sorption of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, and triasulfuron is strongly influenced by the soil temperature, clay content, and, particularly, organic matter content. The principal modes of degradation of the herbicides are acid hydrolysis and microbial degradation with the latter being the only major pathway in alkaline soils. Hydrolysis of the sulfonylureas is more rapid under acidic conditions (pH 4{7), and the data suggest that hydrolysis is likely to be very slow in alkaline soils. Data from other countries suggest that the half-life of chlorsulfur on increases exponentially with pH, and that it is also influenced by variations in the temperature and water content of the soil. Being acidic in nature, the herbicide molecules become anionic at high pH and can move to a considerable depth in the soil profile by leaching. Movement of the sulfonylureas in soil is largely influenced by organic matter content and soil pH and the reviewed data show that sulfonylureas have substantial leaching potential in the sandy alkaline soils of Australia. This is likely to result in increased persistence in alkaline subsoils lacking in organic matter and biological activity. Computer models to predict the persistence and movement of the sulfonylureas are available; however, additional input parameters are required to predict accurately the behaviour of specific herbicides in alkaline soils under Australian conditions. Since new herbicides with chemistry similar to existing sulfonylureas are increasingly likely to be available for use, there is a need to develop comprehensive understanding of their fate, behaviour, and impact on Australian cropping and ecological systems.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mollusks and Oxygen Concentrations in Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gabriel Kuk-Dzul ◽  
Victoria Díaz-Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Bottom Water ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

This study describes the relationship between mollusks, physicochemical properties of seawater, and sediments under natural conditions of low impact. Thirty-nine stations were sampled in October 1994 using a Van Veen grab (0.1 m−2). Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of bottom water were obtained with a CTD. Organic matter content and sediment grain analysis were determined. A total of 836 mollusks were collected. Gastropoda was the most abundant (52%) and diverse class with 27 genera, followed by Bivalvia with eight genera and Scaphopoda with only one genus. According to CCA analysis, dominant mollusks were significantly related with high DO concentrations.Donax,Natica,Acteocina,Bulla,Anachis,Odostomia, andCrucibulumcan be classified as sensitive genera because they were found mainly in high oxygen concentrations (3.1–5.6 mL L−1); on the other hand,Cardiomya,Nuculana,Laevicardium,Chione,Truncatella, andDentaliumcan be classified as tolerant genera (1.0–5.6 mL L−1). Todos Santos Bay hosts a diverse malacological fauna (36 genera); our results show that the dominant genera were mainly related to high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mollusks can be a useful tool in environmental monitoring programs related with oxygen depletion in coastal areas.

scholarly journals Sorption and Desorption of Tembotrione and its Metabolite AE 1417268 in Soils with Different Attributes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. FARIA ◽  
C.A. FIALHO ◽  
M.F. SOUZA ◽  
N.M. FREITAS ◽  
A.A. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT: Tembotrione is registered in Brazil for maize and is used in large areas of the country in each harvest. In recent years, producers have reported carryover effects of this herbicide in succeeding crops to maize. This fact can be attributed to tembotrione recommendations without knowing their interactions with tropical soils colloids. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography, it was possible to evaluate the influence of chemical and physical attributes on the sorption and desorption of tembotrione, as well as its metabolite AE 1417268, on seven soils from different regions of Brazil. The coefficients referring to sorption and desorption, as well as the hysteresis index (Kf, 1/n and H) of tembotrione and its metabolite were influenced by pH, clay content and organic matter. In soil samples with low levels of clay and organic matter, values of sorption coefficients were reduced as pH increased. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite in all soils were low, mainly in the clayey ones and in soils with higher organic matter content. The sorption of tembotrione and its metabolites varies with the attributes of soil, presenting a direct relation with clay and organic matter contents and an inverse one with soil pH. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite decreased with the increase in clay and organic matter contents in the evaluated soils.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Organic Matter and Other Soil Characteristics Upon the Aggregate Stability of Some Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
J. Juárez, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Level Of Significance

This paper reports on statistical studies conducted to evaluate the degree of stability of soil aggregates in terms of the respective organic-matter, clay, and silt contents of selected soils from the Lajas Valley irrigation development project. Simple regression analyses revealed that there was no correlation between aggregate stability and clay or silt content. However, a highly significant correlation was obtained when organic-matter content was considered as the independent variable. In spite of the level of significance only 16 percent of the variability in aggregate stability can be explained on a basis of the soil organic-matter content, thus limiting the possible usefulness of estimates made by using the equation developed.

Persistence and Movement of Perfluidone in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Petri Dishes

Perfluidone (1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl]-methanesulfonamide) was chemically stable for 2 to 3 weeks on the surface of three Texas soils either air dry or at field capacity and at temperatures of 22 and 46 C. Perfluidone was susceptible to photodecomposition when applied to glass petri dishes and exposed to ultraviolet irradiation. Perfluidone was readily leached through neutral or slightly alkaline soils, with a tendency toward greater downward movement in soils having low clay and organic matter content. However, leaching was less in an acid loamy sand than in either neutral loamy sand or clay soils.

scholarly journals Prediction of soil organic matter content by combining data from Nix ProTM color sensor and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in tropical soils

2022 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. e00461
Author(s):  
Alvaro José Gomes de Faria ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva ◽  
Renata Andrade ◽  
Marcelo Mancini ◽  
Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Color Sensor ◽  
Combining Data

scholarly journals Nature of Aggregation in Two Tropical Soils of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
Raul Pérez Escolar ◽  
M. A. Lugo López
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Cementing Agent

In both Catalina clay and Cialitos clay there are no marked differences in the properties of the different-sized aggregates and the corresponding whole soils studied. Although well-drained upland soils in the Tropics are supposed to contain less organic matter than those in the cooler Temperate Zones, the organic-matter content of Catalina clay and Cialitos clay was as great as that found in many soils of the same texture in Temperate Zones. Organic matter has a very definite influence as a cementing agent between clay particles. This was shown by the low clay values obtained when or ganic matter was not removed by pretreating the soil with hydrogen per oxide prior to mechanical analysis. From the general data obtained in the study of the aggregates of both soils, it can be inferred that they are formed largely as a result of the breakdown of large massive units of soils. If synthesis occurred to a larger extent, more marked differences could be expected in their constitutional makeup.

INFLUENCE OF THE MAIN TREATMENT METHOD ON AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MIGRATORY-MYCELIAL CLAY AGROCHERNOSEM SOIL OF SOUTH- EAST PART OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH RESERVE

1970 ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Grebennikov ◽  
V. A. Isaev ◽  
Yu. I. Cheverdin ◽  
V. M. Garmashov ◽  
N. А. Nuzhnaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Mobile Phosphorus ◽  
Agrochemical Properties

In a field experiment on legalistic migration mizelialnah agrofermotech the South-East of CCZ considers the influence of processing method on agrochemical soil properties in a year and four years after laying the experience. To take into account the effect of tillage on the agrochemical properties of the soils in the corresponding experimental variants the humus content were determined by Tyurin and carbonates by Kozlovsky and mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium – according to Chirikov in depths of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 cm in the selected samples. A study of the change in stocks of soil properties important for plant nutrition along the profile to a depth commensurate with the extent of the root system of crops was made. In assessing the heterogeneity of agro-chernozems on plots with different main tillage methods the coefficient of variation of the organic matter content, mobile phosphorus, and metabolic potassium in soil samples taken from depths of 0 - 10, 10 - 20, and 20 - 30 cm were calculated. It is shown that for the three years that passed between the agrochemical properties of some trends in the distribution of nutrients and organic matter on variations of the experience have remained virtually unchanged, whereas were marked and significant changes of these parameters in the upper layer of the soil column, depending on the applied processing method. The increase in the reserves of organic matter and plant nutrients in the variant with zero treatment compared to other methods, observed after four years of experiments, is apparently associated with the manifestation of the fertilizing effect of soil with mulch rotting, applied at zero treatment on the surface of agrochernozems.

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