Fate of nitrogen in pig slurry applied to a New Zealand pasture soil

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Carey ◽  
A. W. Rate ◽  
K. C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Fate Of Nitrogen ◽  
Denitrification Loss ◽  
Large Soil

A 2-year lysimeter study was conducted to determine the fate of nitrogen in pig slurry applied to a moderately fertile, semi-free-draining pasture soil in the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand. Pig slurry was applied annually for 2 years in autumn, at 3 rates of 0, 200, and 400 kg N/ha to 12 large soil lysimeters (4 at each rate), 800 mm in diameter by 1200 mm deep. Slurry applied in Year 1 was labelled with 15N and a mass balance obtained at the end of the experiment. The mass balance showed that over the 2 years following application of 15N-labelled slurry, 8–19% was lost in the leachate, 20% was removed in the cut pasture, 15–26% was lost via volatilisation, 14–18% remained in the roots and soil, and approximately 30% was lost by denitrification. The high denitrification loss was attributed to (i) a large soil concentration of nitrate supplied from nitrification of the ammonium-N in the slurry; (ii) a readily oxidisable source of carbon supplied in the slurry; and (iii) transient anaerobic conditions produced by textural discontinuities and impeding layers within the soil profile. The fate of applied nitrogen between years was affected by the pattern of water inputs (rainfall and irrigation) and the resulting effect on drainage. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the leachate from the 200 kg N/ha·year treatment were found to be consistently below 25 mg N/L, but those from the 400 kg N/ha·year treatment were considerably higher (c. 65 mg N/L) and persisted for a prolonged period. The latter N concentration represented a significant loss of nitrogen over the study period and may be of environmental concern.

scholarly journals Nutrient retention behind a tropical mega-dam: a case study of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Gupta ◽  
S. Kiran Kumar Reddy ◽  
Mounika Chiluka ◽  
Vamshikrishna Gandla
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Narmada River ◽  
Sardar Sarovar ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the impact of the construction of a mega-dam on the nutrient export regime of a large tropical river into the Arabian Sea. Long-term (11 years) fortnight nutrient parameters, upstream and downstream to Sardar Sarovar (SS) Dam, were examined to determine the periodical change in nutrient fluxes from the Narmada River, India. During this 11-year period, the average discharge of the Narmada River upstream to Rajghat (35.3 km3 year−1) was higher than that of downstream at Garudeshwar (33.9 km3 year−1). However, during the same period, the suspended sediment load was reduced by 21 million tons (MT) from 37.9 MT at Rajghat to 16.7 MT at Garudeshwar. Similarly, mean concentrations of dissolved silica (DSi) reduced from 470 (upstream) to 214 µM (downstream), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) from 0.84 to 0.38 µM, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from 43 to 1.5 µM. It means that about 54%, 55%, and 96% flux of DSi, DIP, and DIN retained behind the dam, respectively. The estimated denitrification rate (80,000 kg N km−2 year−1) for the reservoir is significantly higher than N removal by lentic systems, globally. We hypothesize that processes such as biological uptake and denitrification under anoxic conditions could be a key reason for the significant loss of nutrients, particularly of DIN. Finally, we anticipated that a decline in DIN fluxes (by 1.13 × 109 mol year−1) from the Narmada River to the Arabian Sea might reduce the atmospheric CO2 fixation by 7.46 × 109 mol year−1.

Distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary sulphur and sources of plant-available soil sulphur in irrigated pasture soil–plant systems treated with 35sulphur-labelled urine

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Nguyen ◽  
K. M. Goh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
S Model

SUMMARYA field plot experiment of 271 days duration was conducted on New Zealand irrigated pastures, commencing in the summer (January) 1988, on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) by applying 35sulphur (35S)-labelled urine (250 μCi/g S with 1300 μg S/ml) to field plots (600 × 600 mm) at a rate equivalent to that normally occurring in sheep urine patches (150 ml/0·03 m2) to investigate the distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary S in pasture soil–plant systems and sources of plant-available soil S as influenced by the available soil moisture at the time of urine application and varying amounts of applied irrigation water. Results obtained showed that c. 55–90% of 35S-labelled urine was incorporated into soil sulphate (SO42−), ester SO42− and carbon (C)-bonded S fractions within the major plant rooting zone (0–300 mm), as early as 27 days after urine application. Hydriodic acid (Hl)-reducible and C-bonded soil S fractions showed no consistent trend of incorporation. On day 271, labelled-S was found in soil SO42−, Hl-reducible S and C-bonded S fractions to a soil depth of 500 mm, indicating that not only SO42− but also organic S fractions from soils and 35S-labelled urine were leached beyond the major rooting zone. A large proportion (c. 59–75%) of 35S-labelled urine was not recovered in pasture soil–plant systems over a 271-day period, presumably due to leaching losses beyond the 0–300 mm soil depth. This estimated leaching loss was comparable to that (75%) predicted using the S model developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture. The recovery of urinary S in soil–plant systems over a 271-day period was not affected by different amounts of irrigation water applied 7 days after urine application to soil at either 50 or 75% available water holding capacity (AWHC). However, significantly lower S recovery occurred when urinary S was applied to the soil at 25% AWHC than at field capacity, suggesting that urinary S applied at field capacity might not have sufficient time to be adsorbed by soil particles, enter soil micropores or be immobilized by soil micro-organisms. Both soil ester SO42− and calcium phosphate-extractable soil S in urine-treated soils were found to be major S sources for pasture S uptake. Labelled S from 35S-labelled urine accounted for c. 12–47% of total S in pasture herbage.

scholarly journals Ivory Glacier, New Zealand, an I.H.D. Representative Basin Study

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (82) ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.W. Anderton ◽  
T.J. Chinn
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Climatic Characteristics ◽  
Maritime Environment

AbstractMass, water, and energy balances were measured lit the Ivory Glacier, South Island, New Zealand from 1969 to 1975 as part of an I.H.D. programme of representative basin studies. Ivory Glacier is a small cirque glacier within the high-precipitation maritime environment of Westland and was chosen initially for convenience of study rather than representativeness. Mass-balance investigations included a detailed study of the sampling efficiency of a pole network. Annual mass balance was consistently negative during the study period. The run-off pattern was dominated by rain. The estimated annual mean precipitation is 9630 mm for 1971-75. Snow represents about 25% of annual precipitation. Melt contributed 21% of run-off including 9% contributed by melt of perennial snow and ice. The relative contributions of different fluxes to the energy balance during summer are: net radiation 52%, sensible heat 29%, and latent heat 17%. Heat content of precipitation contributes significantly to the energy balance during individual rain-storms and is probably significant during periods of high precipitation in spring and autumn. Climatic characteristics and behaviour of Ivory Glacier appear to follow regional trends in the Southern Alps and the glacier is considered to be reasonably representative.

A tRial Evaluating Mid Cut-Off Value Membrane Clearance of Albumin and Light Chains in HemoDialysis Patients: A Safety Device Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rathika Krishnasamy ◽  
Carmel M. Hawley ◽  
Meg J. Jardine ◽  
Matthew A. Roberts ◽  
Yeoungjee Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
Clinical Trials Registry

Background: A new class of dialysis membrane, the mid cut-off (MCO) dialyzer, has been developed to improve the clearance of uremic toxins in hemodialysis (HD). The a tRial Evaluating Mid cut-Off Value membrane clearance of Albumin and Light chains in HemoDialysis patients (REMOVAL-HD) study aimed to determine if regular use of MCO dialyzer was safe and specifically did not result in a significant loss of albumin. Methods: This investigator initiated, crossover, longitudinal, device study was conducted across 9 centers in Australia and New Zealand (n = 89). Participants had a 4-week wash-in with high-flux HD, followed by 24-week intervention with MCO HD and a subsequent 4-week wash-out with high-flux HD. The primary outcome was change in serum albumin between weeks 4 and 28. Secondary outcomes included trends in serum albumin, changes in kappa- and lambda-free light chains (FLC), 6-min walk test (6MWT), malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), restless legs score and quality of life. Results: Participants had a mean age of 66 ± 14 years, 62% were men, 45% were anuric, and 51% had ­diabetes. There was no reduction in serum albumin following treatment with MCO HD (mean reduction –0.7 g/L, 95% CI –1.5 to 0.1). A sustained, unexplained reduction in serum albumin (>25%) was not observed in any participant. A reduction in FLC was observed 2 weeks into MCO HD (lambda-FLC: Δ –9.1 mg/L, 95% CI –14.4 to –3.7; kappa-FLC: Δ –5.7 mg/L, 95% CI –9.8 to –1.6) and was sustained for the rest of the study intervention. Both FLC increased after the cessation of MCO use. There was no improvement in restless legs symptoms, quality of life, 6MWT or MIS scores. Conclusions: Regular HD using the MCO dialyzer did not result in a significant fall in serum albumin. There were no effects on quality of life, functional status or nutrition. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Number (ANZCTRN) 12616000804482.

The Influence of Weather Systems in Controlling Mass Balance in the Southern Alps of New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (8) ◽  
pp. 4514-4529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J. Cullen ◽  
Peter B. Gibson ◽  
Thomas Mölg ◽  
Jonathan P. Conway ◽  
Pascal Sirguey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Southern Alps

Level of market development and intensity of organic food consumption: cross‐cultural study of Danish and New Zealand consumers

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 392-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Squires ◽  
Biljana Juric ◽  
T. Bettina Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Organic Food Consumption

This paper presents a cross‐cultural study of organic food consumption. Relationships between health and diet concern, environmental concern, confidence in the conventional food industry, demographic characteristics, and intensity of organic food consumption of consumers from Denmark (mature organic industry) and New Zealand (novice organic food industry) are investigated. The authors evaluate the adequacy of deficit value and market development conceptual frameworks to predict priority of these concerns related to the level of organic market development.

scholarly journals Constraining turbulent heat flux parameterization over a temperate maritime glacier in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (63) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Conway ◽  
N.J. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Roughness Length ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
Neutral Atmosphere ◽  
Turbulent Heat Fluxes

AbstractThe turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are important components of the surface energy balance over glaciers in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, contributing over half the energy available for ablation during large melt events. To calculate these terms confidently in glacier mass-balance models it is essential to use appropriate parameterizations for surface roughness and atmospheric stability. Eddy covariance measurements at Brewster Glacier were obtained over an ice surface to help facilitate an assessment of the calculation of the turbulent heat fluxes. The roughness length for momentum was found to be 3.6 x 10−3m, while the roughness lengths for temperature and humidity were two orders of magnitude smaller, in agreement with surface renewal theory. A Monte Carlo approach was used to assess the uncertainty in turbulent heat fluxes calculated using the bulk aerodynamic method. It was found that input-data and roughness-length uncertainty could not explain underestimates of observed sensible heat fluxes during periods with low wind speed and large temperature gradients. During these periods a katabatic wind speed maximum alters the formulation of the turbulent exchange coefficient to that typically observed in a neutral atmosphere and this has implications for glacier mass-balance sensitivity.

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