Carbonate chemistry, pH, and physical properties of an alkaline sodic soil as affected by various amendments

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chorom ◽  
P. Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
Effects Of Ph

A greenhouse experiment evaluated the chemical and physical changes of a Natrixeralf (with alkaline pH 9·4 and 5% CaCO3), as influenced by the changes in carbonate chemistry, pH, and particle charge following the application of gypsum, green manure, and glucose. Gypsum reduced the pH from 9·38 to 7·89, increased Ca2+ in soil solution, and decreased the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR1:5) from 11·6 to 1·2. Green manure, due to increased CO2 production, reduced the pH to 8·68 and SAR1:5 to 7·52. Green manure plus gypsum reduced pH to 7·67 and SAR1:5 to 0·91. The interactive effect of gypsum and green manure on all soil properties was highly significant as shown by ANOVA analysis. Reduction of soil pH was also reflected in the levels of carbonates in the soil solution. Addition of glucose increased the microbial activity and produced fatty acids. The drastic reduction in pH (<6·0) was related to the amount of glucose added. The concentrations of Ca 2+ and carbonates, and SAR1:5 values, were inversely related to the soil pH after glucose addition. The data on soluble Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, zeta potential, mechanical dispersion, aggregate stability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity confirm the effects of pH reduction and carbonate solubility as influenced by the amendments in alkaline sodic soil.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL pH ON SURFACE CHARGE AND WATER TRANSMISSION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT ◽  
J. C. VAN SCHAIK
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Water Transmission

The effects of pH were determined on the exchangeable Na and electrophoretic mobility of Na-saturated bentonite from Greybull, Wyoming, and Na-saturated Lethbridge loam and on the water transmission of the Lethbridge loam. The data obtained were related to problems of reclaiming an alkaline-sodic soil. The exchangeable Na of the bentonite and the loam increased about 50% from pH 6.0 to 8.0, but the rate of change with pH was not the same for both. The electrophoretic mobility of the loam increased 284% from pH 6.0 to 8.0, while that of the bentonite increased 53%. The water transmission of the loam at pH 6.5 and 7.0 was seven times and twice, respectively, that at pH 8.0. It was concluded that lowering the pH of an alkaline-sodic soil may be an effective means of enhancing its reclamation.

Speciation of cadmium in soil solutions of saline/sodic soils and relationship with cadmium concentrations in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
K. G. Tiller ◽  
M. K. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Chloro Complexes ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Saline Solutions

Fifty commercial potato crops and associated soils were sampled. Soil solutions were extracted from rewetted soils by centrifugation, and solution composition was related to Cd concentrations in tubers. Soils were also extracted with 0·01 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0·01 M CaCl2 solutions, and Cd2+ activities in the extracts were calculated by difference using the stability constants for formation of CdCl2-nn species. The soils had saline solutions (>4 dS/m), and Cl- and SO2-4 in solution markedly affected the speciation of Cd in soil solution, with chloro-complexes, in particular, dominating. While low soil pH was associated with high (>25 nM) concentrations of Cd in soil solution, chloro-complexation also led to high concentrations of Cd in solution, even at neutral to alkaline soil pH values. Tuber Cd concentrations were not related to activities of Cd2+ in soil solution or to activities in dilute salt extracts of soil. Tuber Cd concentrations were related to the degree of chloro-complexation of Cd in solution. The relationship of tuber Cd concentrations to chloro-complexation in soil solution suggests that Cd species other than the free Cd2+ ion are involved in the transport through soil and uptake of Cd by plants.

The stability of soils used for cropping in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
B. M. McKenzie ◽  
J. M. Tisdall
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dispersion Test ◽  
The Stability

Three hundred and six soil samples were classified for sodicity on the basis of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and for spontaneous or mechanical dispersion on the basis of a dispersion test (Emerson 1991). Each sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of exchangeable and soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and concentration of organic carbon (OC). These variables were used to explain the sodicity and dispersive classifications of the 306 samples. Concentrations of exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ along with EC and total cation concentration (TCC) significantly affected the sodicity and dispersion classification of the soil. A sodic soil was expected to disperse spontaneously, a non-sodic soil was not expected to disperse spontaneously. From this hypothesis the expected and observed dispersion class was compared with sodicity class. The expected result corresponded to the observed result 77% of the time and the hypothesis was accepted (P &lt; 0.001).

Effects of aluminium and calcium in the soil solution of acid soils on root elongation of Glycine max cv. Forrest

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Bruce ◽  
LA Warrell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

In the course of three experiments, soybean (Glycerine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Forrest was grown in 21 soils (four surface soils and 17 subsoils) amended with liming materials (CaCO3 and Mg CO3) and soluble Ca salts (CaSO4.2H20 and CaCl2.2H2O). In most soils, the soluble salts increased concentrations and activities of Al species in solution to levels that restricted root growth, and MgCO3, induced a Ca limitation to root growth. Root lengths after three days were related to so11 and soil solution attributes.Suitable diagnostic indices for the prediction of Ca limitations to root growth were either Ca saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity or Ca activity ratio of the soil solution, which was defined as the ratio of the activity of Ca to the sum of the activities of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. Values corresponding to 90% relative root length (RRL) of soybean were 0.05 for the Ca activity ratio and 11% for Ca saturation. Calcium activity and Ca concentration in the soil solution and exchangeable Ca were less useful for this purpose.Soil Al saturation was not a good predictor of Al toxicity, but soil solution measurements were. The activities of Al3+ and AlOH2+ gave the best associations with RRL, and values corresponding to 90% RRL were 4 8M and 0.5 8M respectively. The results suggested that Al(OH)3� , Al(OH)2+, and AlSO4+, were not toxic species. Soil solution pH and soil pH measured in water were more sensitive indicators of root growth than soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl2.Using a Ca activity ratio of 0.05 and an Al3+ activity of 4 8M as diagnostic indices, none of the 20 soils in two experiments were toxic in Al, while 13 (all subsoils) were deficient in Ca. Thus the first limitation on root growth was Ca deficiency and not Al toxicity, in spite of high Al saturations and relatively low pH in these soils. However, Al toxicity could be induced by increasing the ionic strengths of soil solutions.

Evaluation of Alternative Legumes for Green Manure and Grain under African Highland Conditions

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Potts ◽  
E. Biranguza ◽  
C. Bweyo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Short Season ◽  
High Aluminium ◽  
Cool Conditions

SUMMARYThree species of lupin, three vetches and a soyabean were evaluated as green manures under tropical highland conditions. With moderate soil fertility and 150 days of rain, all lupin types and a locally obtained vetch gave yields of about 80 t ha−1 fresh material. Under less favourable conditions, low soil pH and high aluminium saturation, only Lupinus luteus achieved these yields. During the short season, with about 60 days of rain, the yield of L. luteus was reduced to 30 t ha−1 and establishment of the vetches was slow and they yielded poorly. Growth of soyabean was poor under cool conditions. Under fertile conditions, lupin grain yields of up to 5.2 t ha−1 were obtained in the long season but in the short season, yields were less than 1 t ha−1. Rhizoctonia solani was the major disease encountered.

scholarly journals Limited effects of increased CO2 and temperature on metal and radionuclide bioaccumulation in a sessile invertebrate, the oyster Crassostrea gigas

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Belivermiş ◽  
Michel Warnau ◽  
Marc Metian ◽  
François Oberhänsli ◽  
Jean-Louis Teyssié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Uptake Rate Constant ◽  
In Vitro Simulation

Abstract This study investigated the combined effects of reduced pH and increased temperature on the capacities of the Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas to bioconcentrate radionuclide and metals. Oysters were exposed to dissolved radiotracers (110mAg, 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 54Mn, and 65Zn) at three pH (7.5, 7.8, 8.1) and two temperatures (21 and 24°C) under controlled laboratory conditions. Although calcifying organisms are recognized as particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, the oyster did not accumulate differently the studied metals when exposed under the different pH conditions. However, temperature alone or in combination with pH somewhat altered the bioaccumulation of the studied elements. At pH 7.5, Cd was accumulated with an uptake rate constant twofold higher at 24°C than 21°C. Bioaccumulation of Mn was significantly affected by an interactive effect between seawater pH and temperature, with a decreased uptake rate at pH 7.5 when temperature increased (27 ± 1 vs. 17 ± 1 d−1 at 21 and 24°C, respectively). Retention of Co and Mn tended also to decrease at the same pH with decreasing temperature. Neither pH nor temperature affected strongly the elements distribution between shell and soft tissues. Significant effects of pH were found on the bioaccessibility of Mn, Zn, and 241Am during experimental in vitro simulation of human digestion.

scholarly journals Chemical and Physical Properties of Soil Amended with Pecan Wood Chips

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed B. Tahboub ◽  
William C. Lindemann ◽  
Leigh Murray
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Application Rates

The pruning wood of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] is often burned. Chipping and soil incorporation of pruning wood is becoming more popular as a result of environmental constraints on burning. The objective of our research was to determine how pecan wood incorporation into soil affects the soil chemical and physical properties. Pecan wood chips were incorporated into a silty clay soil at rates of 0, 4484, 8968, 13,452, and 17,936 kg·ha−1 in Summer 2002, 2003, and 2004. Some plots received nitrogen at a rate of 0, 15.2, 30.5, 45.7, and 61.0 kg·ha−1 to adjust the C : N ratio of trimmings to 30 : 1. Ammonium sulfate, as a nitrogen source to balance the C : N ratio of pecan wood chips, reduced soil pH. However, the wood chip amendments alone did not reduce soil pH. Soil salinity (as determined by electrical conductivity) and bulk density were unaffected by wood chip incorporation regardless of application rate or number of applications. Incorporation of pecan chips had little effect on soil moisture content, but the soil had an inherently high waterholding capacity. Pecan wood chip incorporation significantly increased soil organic matter content and aggregate stability, particularly at the higher application rates and with repeated amendment. The incorporation of pecan pruning wood into the soil appears to improve soil tilth and aggregation while providing growers with an environmentally acceptable means of disposal.

Chloride, Soil Solution Osmotic Potential, and Soil pH Effects on Nitrification

1986 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Roseberg ◽  
N. W. Christensen ◽  
T. L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Ph Effects

Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium on cadmium concentration in wheat grain

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
the late K. G. Tiller ◽  
A. M. Alston ◽  
G. D. Cozens ◽  
R. H. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of pH and soil-applied Cd on Cd concentration in wheat grain were determined using 4 soils in a glasshouse study. Grain Cd concentrations increased significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing applications of Cd for all soils. Generally, for the Alfisols the Cd concentration in grain decreased with increasing soil pH for all Cd treatments. The Cd concentrations in grain from plants grown on the Haploxerert showed variable responses to pH, depending on the Cd treatment. Smaller decreases in grain Cd concentration with increasing pH were seen on soils with native Cd compared with grain from soils to which Cd had been added. Generally, Cd uptake (mg/pot) by grain grown in the Alfisols showed the same trends with increasing pH as seen with grain Cd concentrations, indicating no yield dilution effect. On the Bordertown soil (a Palexeralf) the ratio of Cd in shoot material (excluding grain) to Cd concentration in grain was found to increase significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing Cd treatments and decrease significantly (P < 0·001) with increasing pH. The ratio on the Bordertown soil did not remain constant across Cd or pH treatments, which suggests that the use of soil tests to predict Cd concentration in grain may be problematical. The transfer coefficients for Kapinnie, Freeling, and Bordertown soils were dependent on pH, whereas that for the Inman Valley soil was independent of pH. The relationship between the reciprocal of the distribution coefficient (K¡ 1 d) and the transfer coefficients (Cd grain/Cd soil) was generally good for all soils except the Vertisol from Inman Valley.

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