Response of plant growth to removal of surface soil of the rangelands of western Queensland.

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Pressland ◽  
DC Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Or History

Pot and field studies were conducted to determine the potential effect on plant production of soil erosion in western Queensland. Soil from both the Mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.) and mulga (Acacin aneura) woodlands were used, but the studies concentrated on the latter soils. Test plants (oats, sorghum and pasture grass species) were grown in soil taken from sequential 5 cm intervals from the surface to 20 cm down the profile of each of the selected soils. Plants growing in subsurface soil, irrespective of soil type or history, were less productive than those growing on surface soil. This was attributed in part to reduced soil fertility and a difference in soil pH. Buffel grass (Cenchrur ciliaris), a species which has some use as an improved pasture in these rangelands, would be seriously disadvantaged on eroded soils. It is concluded that erosion of surface soil on these landscapes should be minimized by conserving ground cover.

scholarly journals Plant production-community composition relationship associated with fungal guilds depends on grassland disturbance in surface and subsurface soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Bai ◽  
Zhiying Liu ◽  
Huizhen Li ◽  
Tianqi Wang ◽  
Hongbin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Ribosomal Database Project ◽  
Plant Community Composition ◽  
Antagonistic Interaction ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Abstract Purpose Soil fungal guilds have been proven to influence the plant community composition-production relationship, but not much is known about their effects on surface and subsurface soils under different disturbances. Methods Here, we assessed the functional characteristics of three fungal groups using the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) classifier and data available in FUNGuild, and we characterized the community of saprotrophic, mycorrhizal, and potential plant pathogenic fungi in surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface soils (10–20 cm) of temperate grasslands under different management practices. Results We found that grassland disturbances decreased plant aboveground production and changed plant community composition. In surface soil, antagonistic interaction between potential plant pathogens and saprotrophic fungi drove the plant community composition-production relationship. In subsurface soil, this relationship was driven by antagonistic interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and potential plant pathogens. Conclusion These findings revealed that under grassland disturbances, the surface soil fungal communities were more strongly associated with plant community composition-production relationship than those from the subsurface soil were. Potential plant pathogens played an important role in plant community composition-production relationship. This knowledge is important for predicting the shifts in ecosystem functions as a consequence of changes in soil fungal groups during grassland management.

Stability and Yield of Cool-Season Pasture Grass Species Grown at Five Irrigation Levels

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair L. Waldron ◽  
Kay H. Asay ◽  
Kevin B. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Grass Species ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Irrigation Levels

THE EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF DEFOLIATION ON ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION IN SOME PASTURE-GRASS SPECIES

1937 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
W.A. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Pasture Plants

There are many points of approach to a consideration of root development in pasture plants, but I wish to confine myself to this effect on the root system of different rest periods between the removal of leaves and outline the plants reaction to them

scholarly journals Reference transcriptome assembly and annotation for perennial ryegrass

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1086-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shinozuka ◽  
Noel O.I. Cogan ◽  
German C. Spangenberg ◽  
John W. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Genome Sequence Assembly ◽  
Transcriptome Resource

RNA-Seq methodology has been used to generate a comprehensive transcriptome sequence resource for perennial ryegrass, an important temperate pasture grass species. A total of 931 547 255 reads were obtained from libraries corresponding to 19 distinct tissue samples, including both vegetative and reproductive stages of development. Assembly of data generated a final filtered reference set of 48 713 contigs and scaffolds. The transcriptome resource will support whole genome sequence assembly, comparative genomics, implementation of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) methods based on transcript sampling, and identification of candidate genes for multiple biological functions.

scholarly journals Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Thomas Serensits ◽  
Matthew Cutulle ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Seeding Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cool Season Grass

Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.

scholarly journals Ground cover plants research for objects of landscape architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Bochkova ◽  
◽  
Yu.A. Khokhlacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Color Chart ◽  
Urban Gardening ◽  
Biometric Measurements ◽  
Selection Of

This article presents the results of work on the selection of groundcover plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) that are promising and very promising for use on landscape architecture objects. The work was carried out during 2018 on the basis of the collection Fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical garden (MBG RAS), on two experimental sites located on the main territory of the MBG RAS, in the collection-exhibition «Shadow garden» and on the exhibition area «Decorative perennials». A total of 225 plants were selected during the study. During the growing season, field surveys of experimental samples were systematically performed and phenological observations were made. Field studies included biometric measurements of the height of the Bush and peduncle, the diameter of the Bush, the diameter/length of the flower/inflorescence, as well as refinement of the color of the flowers/inflorescences (using a special color scale of the English Royal society of flower growers (RHS color Chart)). The result of this work is a list that includes 40 names. These are very promising and promising species that we recommend for use in urban gardening.

Assessment of gene flow using tetraploid genotypes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Cunliffe ◽  
A. C. Vecchies ◽  
E. S. Jones ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
J. W. Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Numerical Representation ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Total Seed

Ryegrass species are among the most important species in sown pastures, turf settings, and weed populations worldwide. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an outcrossing, wind-pollinated grass. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of developing transgenic perennial ryegrass varieties. In order to model the consequences of gene flow from transgenic grass genotypes in a field situation, the model non-transgenic trait of fertility among autotetraploid genotypes was chosen. Gene flow over distance and direction from a donor plot to surrounding sexually compatible recipient plants was studied. Reproductive isolation was achieved through the fertility barrier that arises between tetraploid and diploid ryegrass genotypes, despite the presence of diploid plants in a meadow situation. Fertility was used as an indication of effective gene flow over distance and direction. Measures of the fertility of recipient plants included total seed production (TSP), floret site utilisation (FSU), and relative fertility of recipient plants as a percentage of those within the donor plot (RF%). A leptokurtic distribution for gene flow was identified, with differences in the rate of decline over distance depending on direction. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism was used to identify the paternity of progeny plants. The proportional representation of parents among the progeny was not significantly different from that expected due to the numerical representation of the different donor parent genotypes. The results of this research will have important implications for risk analysis prior to the field release of transgenic ryegrasses, fescues, and other pasture grass species, and for seed production in terms of cultivar purity and optimum isolation distance.

Persistence of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot following annual sowings: influence of grass species, ryegrass cultivar and pasture age on yield, composition and density

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Maxwell ◽  
Grant Edwards ◽  
Katherine Tozer ◽  
Gerald Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Release Date ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Pasture Age

Persistence is an important component of perennial pasture-grass productivity. Defining traits that affect persistence is essential for improving pasture longevity through plant breeding and for identifying persistence traits that should be included in cultivar ranking indices. Compared with conventional longitudinal studies, where a single sowing is monitored over time, repeated annual sowings allow the effects on persistence of sowing year and the ensuing interactions between environment and age of pasture to be identified. An experiment was commenced in 2015 under sheep grazing in Canterbury and in 2016 under cattle grazing in Waikato, where eight cultivars of perennial ryegrass representing different ploidy, flowering date, and cultivar age (release date), and one cultivar each of tall fescue and cocksfoot were sown in four randomised complete blocks in autumn each year. This paper reports interim data on spring and autumn pasture yield, composition, and density of 3-year-old, 2-year-old and 1-year-old pastures exposed to the same environmental conditions within the same, single year. There were significant effects on yield, botanical composition, basal cover and tiller density due to cultivar, pasture age, and their interaction. When the confounding effect of year-to-year variation was removed by comparing each age cohort in the same year, the underlying differences among grass species and cultivars, and ages of pasture, is starting to reveal the nature of this influence on pasture persistence.

Slow pyrolysis pine wood-derived biochar reduces nitrous oxide production from surface but not subsurface soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyuan Deng ◽  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Shamim Gul ◽  
Shiv Prasher ◽  
Joann K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Soil amended with biochar is expected to produce less nitrous oxide (N2O), although this may depend on nitrate (NO3-N) availability. Our objective was to determine how pine wood biochar, slow pyrolyzed at 500°C, affects N2O production in soil having different denitrification potentials with variable NO3-N concentrations under controlled laboratory conditions. Sandy loam surface soils (0–30 cm, pH 5.7) and sandy clay loam subsurface soils (40–60 cm, pH 5.6) were amended with four biochar rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 g kg-1), two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 100 mg kg-1 NO3-N) and two acetylene levels (0 and 10% headspace), arranged as a full factorial. Soil moisture content was adjusted to 80% water-filled pore space and flasks were incubated at 20°C for 30 h. Headspace gas was collected from each flask at 25, 26, 28 and 30 h. There was a significant reduction in N2O production with increasing rate of biochar in the surface soil but not in the subsurface soil. On average, less N2O was produced in the subsurface soil than the surface soil. As the NO3-N concentration was not a limiting factor for denitrification, the most likely explanation was that denitrifier activity was influenced by the availability of soluble organic carbon in the soil-biochar mixtures. We recommend further study of the coupled carbon-nitrogen transformations during denitrification to understand how biochar influences soil N2O production in sandy loam soils.

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