79 CHOLESTEROL QUANTIFICATION DURING CRYOPRESERVATION IN BOAR SPERM SAMPLES ENRICHED IN OR DEPRIVED OF CHOLESTEROL

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
C. Tomás ◽  
M. Hernández ◽  
E. Mocé ◽  
E. Martínez ◽  
J. M. Vá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Colorimetric Test ◽  
Mixed Model Anova ◽  
Boar Sperm ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa ◽  
Plasma Membrane Cholesterol ◽  
Mammalian Spermatozoa

Sperm membranes suffer significant lipid changes during cryopreservation similar to initial steps in capacitation, in which a reduction in plasma membrane cholesterol (pmCHO) is observed. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) or cyclodextrin pre-loaded with cholesterol (CLC; Purdy PH and Graham JK 2004 Cryobiology 48, 36–45) have been used to decrease or increase the pmCHO, respectively, in different mammalian spermatozoa. In this study, pmCHO levels were assessed during the cryopreservation process in boar sperm samples deprived of (D) or enriched in (E) CHO. Single sperm-rich fractions from 14 boars were divided in 4 aliquots and frozen in 0.5-mL straws after dilution in a lactose-egg yolk extender with a final concentration of 20% egg yolk and 3% glycerol (Control sample, C) and supplemented with MBCD (1 mg/120 × 106 cells; D sample) or CLC at 1 (E-1 sample) or 3 (E-3 sample) mg/120 × 106 cells. The pmCHO level was quantified at 17°C in pre-diluted sperm samples (basal pmCHO) and at 3 steps of the cryopreservation process: after cooling at 5°C (step 1), after the addition of 3% glycerol (step 2), and immediately after thawing (step 3). The pmCHO was quantified by an enzymatic colorimetric test (Spinreact®, Sant Esteve de Bas, Spain) at 520 nm, following the protocol described by Moore AI et al. (2005 Cryobiology 51, 241–249). Data (least squares means ± SEM) were expressed as micrograms of CHO/106 sperm and analyzed as a mixed-model ANOVA. Because there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between ejaculates, this effect was included as random. The level of pmCHO in C, D, and E-1 samples followed the same trend without significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among them. That level increased (P ≤ 0.05) at step 1 (0.55 ± 0.17; 0.52 ± 0.17; and 0.66 ± 0.17 for C, D, and E-1, respectively), compared with the basal level (0.24 ± 0.02), and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) to the basal level at steps 2 (0.23 ± 0.07; 0.23 ± 0.07; and 0.30 ± 0.07 for C, D, and E-1, respectively), and 3 (0.07 ± 0.02; 0.08 ± 0.02; and 0.13 ± 0.02 for C, D, and E-1, respectively). Although the pattern in E-3 was similar to other treatments, the level of pmCHO was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than those at step 1 (0.75 ± 0.17), 2 (0.51 ± 0.07), and 3 (0.16 ± 0.02). In conclusion, the pre-freezing treatment of sperm samples with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, to reduce the CHO, did not modify the CHO level of plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa. However, treatment with cyclodextrin pre-loaded with CHO at 3 mg/120 × 106 cells increased significantly the CHO level of plasma membrane, which was evident throughout the cryopreservation process. Supported by AGL2006-07769/GAN, AGL2005-00760/CICYT, Madrid, and GERM (04543/07), Murcia, Spain.

75 GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION OF FREEZING EXTENDER MODULATES THE TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION PATTERN OF FROZEN-THAWED BOAR SPERMATOZOA

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
J. E. Rodríguez-Gil ◽  
M. Hernández ◽  
M. M. Rivera ◽  
L. Ramió-Lluch ◽  
J. Ballester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Phosphorylation ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Boar Sperm ◽  
Phosphorylation Pattern ◽  
Thawing Process ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

The optimization of freezing extenders is an essential issue for enhancing boar sperm cryosurvival. The aim of the present study was to disclose the role of glucose concentration of freezing extender on the metabolic activity of frozen–thawed spermatozoa. To achieve it, pooled sperm-rich ejaculate fractions from 5 mature and fertile boars (3 ejaculates per boar) were collected using the gloved-hand method. After centrifugation (2400g for 3 min), the sperm pellet was split into 7 aliquots. The aliquots were diluted to a final concentration of 1 × 109 sperm mL–1, in a Tris-citric extender supplemented with 20% egg-yolk, 3% glycerol, and 0, 0.05, 2, 4, 10, 55, or 185 mm glucose. All the extenders were adjusted to a pH of 6.8 and 310 mOsm kg–1 to avoid osmolarity effects. Extended semen samples were dispensed into 0.5-mL straws, and frozen in a programmable cell freezer at 20°C min–1. Thawing was carried out in a water bath at 37°C for 20 s. Afterward, an analysis of protein phosphorylation in tyrosine residues was carried out through bi-dimensional electrophoresis followed by a Western blot analysis. This analysis indicated that sperm samples frozen in extenders without glucose showed specific changes in the tyrosine phosphorylation pattern compared with fresh sperm. Furthermore, the addition of glucose in increasing concentrations to the freezing extender was accompanied by a concentration-dependent decrease in the overall tyrosine phosphorylation pattern, especially in proteins with a molecular weight ranging from 150 to 200 kDa and an acidic isoelectric point (pI). The maximal decrease was observed in spermatozoa frozen in the extender containing 185 mm glucose, in which an additional decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins ranging from 60 to 80 kDa, and a basic pI was also observed. These results suggest that glucose is a modulator in the resistance of boar sperm to support freezing and thawing process, because the precise protein phosphorylation pattern of spermatozoa is directly linked to their functional status. In this way, a precise control of the glucose concentration of the freezing extender would be required to improve boar sperm cryoresistance. Supported by CICYT (AGL2005-00760 and AGL2004-04756-C02-02/GAN), Madrid and GERM (04543/07), Murcia, Spain.

130 EFFECTIVENESS OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE AS EGG YOLK SUBSTITUTE FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF BOAR SPERMATOZOA

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rodriguez-Vilar ◽  
M. Hernandez ◽  
C. Lopez-Sanchez ◽  
J. M. Vazquez ◽  
E. A. Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) has proven to be efficient as a supplement for cryopreservation boar spermatozoa (Roca et al. 2004 J. Androl. 25, 397–405). Moreover, it has been successfully used as an egg yolk substitute to cryopreserve goat spermatozoa (Khalifa and El-Saidy 2006 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 93, 303–315). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BHT as an egg yolk substitute for freezing boar spermatozoa. Nine sperm-rich ejaculate fractions were collected from 3 boars (3 ejaculates per boar) using the gloved-hand method. After centrifugation (2400g for 3 min), the sperm pellet of each ejaculate was split into 5 aliquots. The aliquots were diluted (to a final concentration of 1 � 109 sperm/mL) in a Tris-citric-glucose extender with 3% glycerol and supplemented with 20% egg yolk (positive control, PC aliquot) or BHT at the final concentrations of 0 (negative control, NC aliquot), 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mM. Diluted semen samples were dispensed into 0.5-mL straws, and frozen in a programmable cell freezer at 20�C min. Thawing was carried out in a water bath at 70�C for 8 s. Post-thaw sperm survival was assessed according to total sperm motility (TSM, %) using a CASA system (SCA�; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain), and plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %) and acrosome membrane integrity (AMI, %) using a flow cytometric procedure (SYBR-14/propidioum iodide/FITC-phycoerythrin), at 30 and 150 min post-thawing in diluted Beltsville thawing solution with spermatozoa held in a waterbath at 37�C (3 straws per ejaculate). Data were analyzed using a ANOVA mixed model including the main effects of aliquot, boar, post-thaw assessment time, and their interactions, with ejaculate and straw as random effects. All main effects had significant influence (P ≤ 0.01) in all post-thaw sperm assessments. However, no interactions (P ≥ 0.05) among main effects were shown. Data were combined for the 2 post-thaw assessment times. The best (P ≤ 0.05) post-thaw sperm quality (mean � SEM) was achieved in PC aliquots (47.11 � 3.10, 58.98 � 2.78, and 51.35 � 3.42 for TSM, PMI, and AMI, respectively). In NC aliquots, the percentage of TSM, PMI, and AMI were always below 1% (P ≤ 0.05). BHT has a beneficial (P ≤ 0.05) effect on post-thaw sperm assessments, and no differences (P ≥ 0.05) among concentrations were shown. The mean post-thaw sperm quality in the BHT aliquots was 8.50 � 0.80, 20.29 � 0.53, and 16.03 � 0.55 for TSM, PMI, and AMI, respectively. On the basis of these data, we can conclude that BHT has a protective effect for boar spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process. However, BHT alone is insufficient to replace the protective effect of egg yolk. This work was supported by CICYT (AGF2005-00706), Madrid, Spain.

119 OXIDATIVE STRESS DURING THE CRYOPRESERVATION OF BOAR SPERMATOZOA

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hernandez ◽  
J. M. Vazquez ◽  
E. A. Martinez ◽  
J. Roca
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
Tert Butyl Hydroperoxide ◽  
Intracellular Ros ◽  
Boar Sperm ◽  
Ros Formation ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

The cryopreservation procedure causes dramatic changes in boar sperm survival but it is yet unclear where and how the process affects spermatozoa. Cryopreservation damage appears partly associated with oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The present study evaluates the effect that various steps of a conventional cycle of cryopreservation have on the intracellular production of ROS by boar spermatozoa (spz). Sperm-rich fractions collected from 2 mature boars (3 ejaculates per boar), cooled to 17�C, and kept for 16 h were cryopreserved following a standard freeze–thaw process with 0.5-mL plastic straws. The production of ROS was recorded in 5 steps of the cryopreservation process. These steps were as follows: step (1) after collection, when the fresh semen was extended (1:1, v/v) in Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS, 205 mM glucose, 20.39 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 15.01 mM NaHCO3, and 3.35 mM EDTA); step (2) after cooling and storage for 16 h at 17�C; step (3) after centrifugation (2400g for 3 min) and re-extension of the pellet with lactose-egg yolk extender; step (4) at 5�C, after the addition of lactose-egg yolk-glycerol-Equex Stem Paste to 1 � 109 spz mL; and step (5) immediately after thawing at 37�C for 20 s. For the ROS measurement, all samples were re-extended in BTS (3 � 106 spz mL-1) and incubated without (basal ROS level) or with ROS inducers (1 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide) for 120 min at 37�C and 5% CO2. Cells were simultaneously stained with 22,72-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (1 �M) to estimate the production of ROS, and propidium iodide (12 �M) to exclude dead sperm from the analysis. Samples were evaluated at 30 min and 120 min by flow cytometry (Coulter Epics XL; Coulter Corporation, Miami, FL, USA); further analyses of the parameters were done by FCSExpress software (DeNovo Software, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada). ROS production was expressed as the mean of the green intensity fluorescence units of the viable sperm population. Data from 3 replicates were analyzed as a split plot design using a mixed model ANOVA including cryopreservation step, boar, and incubation time as fixed effects and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the basal ROS formation remained relatively low and constant (P = 0.95) through the cryopreservation process, without differences between boars (P = 0.559), although with a significant increase after 120 min of incubation (P < 0.001). However, the exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide significantly increased the intracellular ROS formation in all of the steps (P < 0.001), showing significant differences between them, and being especially raised at steps 3 and 4. In conclusion, the present study confirms that the basal intracellular ROS production during cryopreservation of boar sperm is low. Nevertheless, the susceptibility of those spermatozoa to external stresses vary through the cryopreservation process, especially after centrifugation and later extension at 17�C and after the slow cooling at 5�C. This work was supported by CICYT (AGF2005-00706), Madrid, Spain

109 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INDUCED INCREASE IN POST-THAW MOTILITY OF FROZEN BOAR SPERMATOZOA

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pribenszky ◽  
M. Molnar ◽  
A. Horvath ◽  
A. Harnos ◽  
O. Szenci
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

Formerly we reported that a sublethal shock, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), significantly improves the post-thaw survival of frozen mouse blastocysts and post-thaw motility of frozen bull sperm, presumably from the HHP induced changes in the protein profile [e.g. heat shock proteins (HSPs)] (Pribenszky et al. 2005 Rep. Fert. Dev. 17, 199–200; Pribenszky et al. 2005 Anim. Rep. Sci. 87, 143–150). We now report the effect of HHP on the motility of fresh boar semen, and we compare post-thaw motility of HHP-treated frozen boar semen with non-pressurized frozen-thawed controls. Pressurization was done both at RT and at body temperature (BT). Exp. 1: Semen was extended with Beltsville thawing solution (BTS), centrifuged, diluted with lactose-egg yolk diluent with a final concentration of 6% glycerol and 0.5% Equex (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) to a sperm concentration of 3 × 109/mL. Diluted sperm were loaded into 0.25-mL straws (IMV, Paillette Crista, France) at RT. Straws were heat sealed then assorted to one of the treatment groups (100, 200, 400, or 800 bar for 40, 80, or 120 min). Non-pressurized samples were left at RT for the corresponding time. For freezing, straws were put at 15°C for 3 h, and then 5°C for 2 h, followed by 3 cm above LN2 for 10 min before plunging into LN2. Exp. 1 was repeated on two boars. Exp. 2: Sperm was treated with 400 bar for 80 min at RT or BT, and was then prepared and frozen as described above, together with non-pressurized controls. Exp. 2 was repeated in five boars. For evaluation, straws were thawed in a 37°C water bath for 2 min. Motility was analyzed with CASA SpermVision 3.0 (Minitüb). For hypothesis testing, a linear mixed model was fit to the motility data. The analysis was carried out in R statistical software. In Exp. 1, the 100-, 200-, and 400-bar treatments did not affect motility; 800 bar treatments resulted in reduced motility compared to control. After 5 h of cold acclimatization, only the groups with 800 bar treatments and the non-pressurized controls had significantly reduced motility. After freezing-thawing motility (% ± SE) in groups pre-treated for 80 min with 200 or 400 bar was 43.2 ± 5.24 and 42 ± 3.24, respectively; control: 23.2 ± 1.83 motility in groups pre-treated for 120 min with 200 or 400 bar was 51 ± 2.33; 55.5 ± 3.63, respectively; control: 41.88 ± 2.97. The pre-treated groups displayed significantly enhanced motility compared to the nontreated controls. In Exp. 2, the HHP treatment performed at BT yielded the highest post-thaw motility compared to the HHP treatment at RT, or the non-pressurized controls (59.75 ± 2.59; 46.43 ± 2.05; 37.37 ± 2.19, respectively). All of these results differed significantly from each other. In conclusion, HHP treatment, simply inserted before the freezing step, can significantly increase post-thaw motility and yield consistent acceptable results. The effect of the treatment is even stronger at BT, but great care has to be taken to maintain BT from the time of sperm collection till the end of the treatment. Further experiments are being conducted concerning the pressure-induced alterations in the protein profile of boar spermatozoa (fresh and frozen-thawed). This work was supported by OTKA061975 and TST050157.

77 EFFECT OF SUGAR SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE CRYOPRESERVATION OF BOAR SPERMATOZOA

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
M. Hernandez ◽  
T. Cremades ◽  
J. M. Vazquez ◽  
E. A. Martinez ◽  
J. Roca
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Boar Sperm ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

The optimization of cryopreservation extenders is an essential issue for the successful establishment of boar sperm cryobanks. The aim of the present study was to investigate the importance of sugar supplementation to the freezing extender and/or to the thawing diluents, and the interactions between these treatments on post-thaw survival of boar spermatozoa. Pooled sperm-rich fractions from 5 mature hybrid boars (5 ejaculates per boar) were divided into 7 aliquots, centrifuged at 2300g 3 min, and diluted to a final sperm concentration of approximately 1000 � 106 spermatozoa mL–1 with the freezing extender prior to freezing in 0.5-mL plastic straws; a standard freeze–thaw procedure with computer-controlled freezing equipment was utilized. All of the freezing extenders were based on Tris-citric acid buffer supplemented with 20% egg yolk and 0 mm (TC, no glucose), 0.05 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm, 10 mm, 50 mm, or 185 mm glucose (all media adjusted to 310 mOsm kg–1; pH 6.8). After thawing at 37�C/20 s, semen was immediately diluted 1:2 (v/v) with either TC (no glucose) or BTS (205 mm glucose, 20.39 mm NaCl, 5.4 mm KCl, 15 mm NaHCO3, and 3.35 mm EDTA). Post-thaw sperm motility (assessed with a computer-assisted semen analysis system) and plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (viability, assessed simultaneously by flow cytometry using triple fluorescent staining) were evaluated at 0, 30, and 150 min post-thaw and used to estimate the success of cryopreservation. Data were analyzed as a split plot design using a mixed model ANOVA including cryopreservation extender, thawing diluent, incubation time, and interactions as fixed effects and replicates as a random effect. The freezing extender did not have any significant effect on the percentage of motile or viable spermatozoa at either thawing or after 150 min (P > 0.05). There was a significant effect of incubation time (P < 0.0001) and thawing diluent (P < 0.0001) on motility and viability, with a significant interaction between them on motility (P = 0.018). Motility was similar (P > 0.05) at time 0 in both thawing diluents (mean � SEM: 49.4 � 3.7 v. 46.2 � 3.9% for BTS and TC, respectively), but decreased in Tris-diluted samples in a time-dependent manner (54.6 � 1.9 v. 42.5 � 2.6% at 30 min, and 40 � 3.4 v. 27.1 � 3.7% at 150 min). In contrast, viability was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in BTS-diluted samples at 0 (53.9 � 3.7 v. 49.7 � 3.8%), 30 (55 � 3.1 v. 47.7 � 3.31), and 150 min (51 � 4.2 v. 43.7 � 4.4%). These results indicate that, despite common beliefs, sugars are not necessary for cryopreservation but are beneficial for maintaining boar sperm metabolism for a longer time after thawing.

Freeze-fracture observations on changes in the distribution of Filipin-sterol complexes during epididymal maturation and capacitation of boar spermatozoa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-91
Author(s):  
N. Seki ◽  
Y. Toyama ◽  
T. Nagano
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Freeze Fracturing ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Epididymal Maturation ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Sperm Membrane ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

It is believed that i ntramembra.nous sterols play an essential role in membrane stability and permeability. To investigate the distribution changes of sterols in sperm membrane during epididymal maturation and capacitation, filipin has been used as a cytochemical probe for the detection for membrane sterols. Using this technique in combination with freeze fracturing, we examined the boar spermatozoa under various physiological conditions.The spermatozoa were collected from: 1) caput, corpus and cauda epididymides, 2) sperm rich fraction of ejaculates, and 3)the uterus 2hr after natural coition. They were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4), and treated with the filipin solution (final concentration : 0.02.0.05%) for 24hr at 4°C with constant agitation. After the filipin treatment, replicas were made by conventional freeze-fracture technique. The density of filipin-sterol complexes (FSCs) was determined in the E face of the plasma membrane of head regions.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibody detection of plasma membrane cholesterol microdomains responsive to cholesterol trafficking

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1492-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Kruth ◽  
Ina Ifrim ◽  
Janet Chang ◽  
Lia Addadi ◽  
Daniele Perl-Treves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Membrane Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Trafficking ◽  
Plasma Membrane Cholesterol

scholarly journals 109 Phytate supplementation has minimal impact on mineral digestibility in horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 89-90
Author(s):  
Katy Brinkley-Bissinger ◽  
Laura M Cersosimo ◽  
Kathleen E Sullivan ◽  
Shannon E Livingston ◽  
Jill M Bobel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Mixed Model Anova ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Inorganic Mineral

Abstract Phosphorus in equine rations is supplied by inorganic mineral fortification or naturally-occurring P in forages and grains. Up to 70% of P in plant material is bound to phytate. In monogastrics like poultry and swine, phytate can reduce absorption of P and divalent cations, but the extent that this occurs in horses is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that phytate decreases mineral digestibility in horses. Six mature Quarter Horse geldings (mean ± SE, 586 ± 19 kg, 10 ± 1.5 y) were randomly assigned to two treatments applied in a cross-over design: IP6 (Ca-Mg-phytate isolated from rice bran fed at 15 mg phytic acid/kg BW) or CON (equivalent Ca, Mg and P from inorganic minerals to match intake from IP6). The level of phytate added represented an amount present in grain-rich rations typically fed to broodmares, growing horses and performance athletes. Supplements were added to a basal diet (1.75% BW, DM basis) consisting of 75% timothy hay and 25% roughage-based concentrate. Each 14-d period had an 11-d treatment adaptation followed by a 3-d total fecal collection. After acid digestion, P was determined colorimetrically and other minerals were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Data were analyzed using mixed model ANOVA. Intakes of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu and Fe were similar between treatments (140, 72, 40, 1.05, 0.24, and 1.78 mg/kg BW respectively). Apparent P digestibility (18.8 and 17%, SEM 1.9; P = 0.41) and estimates of true P digestibility (32.8 and 30.8%, SEM 1.9; P = 0.39) were similar between CON and IP6. Apparent digestibilities of other minerals were also not affected by IP6 supplementation. Findings suggest horses have sufficient microbial phytase activity in the gastrointestinal tract to mitigate impacts of dietary phytate. Higher levels or different forms of phytate and marginal mineral intake may yield different results.

scholarly journals Interaction of Bioactive Mono-Terpenes with Egg Yolk on Ice Cream Physicochemical Properties

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1686
Author(s):  
Mostafa Gouda ◽  
Long Sheng ◽  
Rana Muhammad Aadil ◽  
Yuanyuan Liu ◽  
Meihu Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Viscosity Index ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Using natural multi-function phytochemicals could be one of the best solutions for clean-label production. In this study, dairy ice creams were prepared containing 14% egg yolk and 0.1% of thymol (THY), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), menthol (MEN), or vanillin (VAN). Then, the physical, chemical, and structural characteristics were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis (a rapid, chemical-free, and non-invasive tool) was carried out to evaluate the water distribution. A multivariate analysis was conducted among all studied variables. According to the results, the overrun of the MEN ice cream was significantly increased as compared to the control sample. The density was also reduced in the MEN sample. Meanwhile, the spreadability (%) of VAN was significantly increased after 6 min as compared to the control treatment. MRI analysis revealed that water distribution was significantly changed in the THY group. The firmness and viscosity of THY samples were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that viscosity index and consistency were the top parameters affected by THY. The authors concluded that THY and VAN are promising stabilizers for ice-cream clean production.

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