71 COMPARISON OF CRYOPROTECTANTS ON CRYOPRESERVATION OF VENDA COCK SPERMATOZOA

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
M. L. Mphaphathi ◽  
M. B. Raito ◽  
M. B. Makhafola ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
T. L. Nedambale
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
South African ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Target Temperature ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Motility Rate

Improving the cryopreservation technique for indigenous fowl semen may contribute to the development of cryogene banks in South Africa. The goal was to identify a cryoprotectant among dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), and propanediol (PND) that is compatible with survival after freezing of Venda cock spermatozoa. Six Venda cocks were used for semen collection. The abdominal massaging technique was applied for semen collection from cocks. Individual ejaculates were diluted with modified Kobidil+ (mK+) extender (extender A) at ratio of 1:2 (v/v) before freezing, and equilibrated for 2 h. Semen was diluted again at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) with mK+ plus 8% DMSO, EG, and PND (extender B) and equilibrated for 2 h at 5°C. Semen were then transferred into 0.25-mL plastic straws and placed into a programmable freezer (Planer Kryosave). The temperature of the chamber was decreased in a stepwise manner, from 5°C at a rate of 1°C min–1 until it reached the target temperature of –20°C. Finally, the straws were exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor and plunged into LN2 (–196°C). The semen straws were stored in an LN2 tank at –196°C. After 1 week, frozen semen straws were thawed at 5°C for evaluation of spermatozoa survivability and motility rate at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min, using contrast microscopy (20× magnification). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Spermatozoa live and motility rates were greater before freezing (Table 1) in all groups. There was no significance difference between DMSO and EG with regard to live and motility rates. However, the lowest rates of live and motility spermatozoa were recorded in the PND group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the cryopreservation process reduces sperm quality and propanediol was not suitable for cryopreserving Venda cock spermatozoa. Table 1.Comparison of three CPA on cryopreservation of Venda cock semen This study was funded by the South African National Department of Agriculture, ARC, DST-PDP (RT19000), and National Research Foundation (NRF, Grant. no. RT21 and 24000).

105 CRYOPRESERVATION OF VENDA COCK SPERMATOZOA: EFFECT OF CRYOPROTECTANT FOLLOWING ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER-ASSISTED SPERM ANALYSIS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
M. L. Mphaphathi ◽  
M. B. Makhafola ◽  
P. H. Munyai ◽  
T. L. Nedambale ◽  
D. Luseba
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
South African ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Sperm Analysis ◽  
Spermatozoa Motility ◽  
Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis ◽  
Fresh Semen ◽  
Motility Rate

The choice of ideal permeable cryoprotectant for cock semen equilibration and freezing is critical. The aim of this study was to compare three different cryoprotectants [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), and propanediol (PND)] following cryopreservation. The abdominal massaging technique was used for semen collection from 5 Venda cocks. Individual ejaculates were diluted with modified Kobidil+ (mK+) extender (fraction A) at a ratio of 1:2 and equilibrated for 2 h at 5°C. Semen samples of 5 μL were taken at 0, 60, and 120 min and evaluated by CASA for spermatozoa motility parameters (rapid, medium slow, static, NPM and PM) and velocity. Semen was further diluted at 1:1 volume ratio with mK+ supplemented with 8% DMSO, EG and PND (fraction B), and equilibrated for additional 2h at 5°C and evaluated at 60 and 120 min for motility and velocity. Cooled semen were then transferred into 0.25-mL straws and placed into a programmable freezer. The temperature of the chamber was decreased in a stepwise manner, from 5°C to -20°C, at the rate of 1°C/min until it reached the target temperature. The straws were exposed to liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor and then plunged into LN2 (-196°C). The semen straws were stored into LN2 tank at -196°C. After 3 months of storage, semen straws were thawed at 5°C and evaluated by CASA for spermatozoa motility and velocity. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. There were no significance differences between DMSO and EG regarding the survival and motility rate of frozen/thawed semen; however, these parameters were lower compared with the fresh semen. The PND was not a suitable cryoprotectant to cryopreserve Venda spermatozoa. In conclusion, ethylene glycol was found to be a suitable cryoprotectant to cryopreserve spermatozoa of South African Venda cocks. Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, NRF,ARC, Department of Science & Technology.

scholarly journals Achieving the NDP 2030 agricultural agenda in UMzimkhulu: myth or possibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Bakre ◽  
Amoo ◽  
Garane ◽  
Ojugbele
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
South African ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
South African Constitution

The South African Constitution has often been adjudged one of the most progressive constitutions ever written. However, transforming the theoretical content of the Constitution into a reality has proved to be a challenge. Considering that, the NDP 2030 is widely acknowledged as a well-thought-out and structured plan, the converting of the NDP 2030 vision into reality is discussed amongst cynics, who often consider it as an unrealistic vision based on the current circumstances and timeframe. In consonance with the afore-narrative, this paper explores the current circumstances of the Agricultural sector within the UMzimkhulu Municipality and gauges against the agricultural agenda set forth in the NDP 2030. To unravel this nexus, the paper pursues a qualitative approach wherein face-to-face interviews were conducted amongst 63 farmers. Prior to the interview, a pretest was conducted to ascertain the suitability of the instrument. The professional personnel were from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development; the Department of Water and Sanitation, alongside other key stakeholders within three farming projects in UMzimkhulu, KwaZulu-Natal, Province, South Africa. The conceding view amongst most of the respondents indicated that the agricultural plan outlined in the NDP 2030 was far from attainment considering the current resources, skills, personnel, and timeframe. Thus, the paper advocates several proactive mitigations such as capacitation, tailor-made investments, institutional reinvigoration, and formidable partnerships amidst other practicable recommendations.

151 Effect of season on the in vitro fertilizing ability of frozen - thawed bovine spermatozoa

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
M. Sabes-Alsina ◽  
M. Wallgren ◽  
Y. Sjunesson ◽  
N. Lundeheim ◽  
M. López-Béjar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Fertilizing Ability

Previous research indicated that the season during which oocytes are harvested affects quality of in vitro-produced embryos (Gupta et al. 2016 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 164, 162). In our own studies, sperm kinematics, membrane integrity, acrosome status, mitochondrial potential and reactive oxygen species were affected by season of semen collection (Sabés-Alsina et al. 2017 Vet. Rec. 180, 251). The aim of this study was to investigate effect of season of semen collection on in vitro fertilizing ability and embryo development of the same sperm samples from the sperm quality study, using lower than normal sperm doses to detect small differences between groups (Ward et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 1575). Frozen semen was available from 8 Holstein bulls kept outdoors in northern Spain, collected during winter, spring and summer. Bovine ovaries, Holstein and Swedish Red breeds, were obtained from an abattoir in spring. Oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro with a low dose of frozen-thawed sperm (sperm:oocyte ratio 2500:1). After fertilization, presumptive embryos were evaluated at 44h for cleavage and on Day 8 for blastocyst development. Number of sperm binding to the zona pellucida and number of nuclei in developing blastocysts were assessed after staining with Hoechst 33342. There were 2 or 3 replicates per bull. For 555 oocytes inseminated, cleavage rates for winter, spring and summer semen collections were 42, 49 and 47%, respectively; blastocyst rates were 7, 12 and 8%; blastocyst cell numbers were 8.7, 10.2 and 7.8; and mean number of sperm bound was 0.70, 0.63 and 0.50. Although there were no differences (P>0.05) due to season of semen collection for any of these end points, individual bulls had considerable variation in cleavage rate. In conclusion, despite previously published differences in sperm quality with season from these bulls, ability of frozen-thawed sperm to fertilize bovine oocytes and initial embryo development in vitro were not affected by season of semen collection, at least for oocytes collected in spring. However, bull-to-bull variation in cleavage rate was high. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER (AGL2016-79802-P). M. Sabes-Alsina was supported by a PIF from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and by the STS of the Epiconcept COST Action; J. M. Morrell was funded by the Swedish Research Council for the environment, agricultural sciences and spatial planning (FORMAS; 221-2010-1241) and the Swedish Farmers’ Association (SLF; 1330039).

scholarly journals Direct culture–independent sequence typing of Taylorella equigenitalis obtained from genital swabs and frozen semen samples from South African horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 792-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. May ◽  
Alan J. Guthrie ◽  
Martin L. Schulman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Independent Sequence ◽  
Taylorella Equigenitalis ◽  
Contagious Equine Metritis ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Single Sequence

We report herein the use of crude extracts obtained from samples of Taylorella equigenitalis–infected horses for the purpose of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Samples ( n = 36) were collected from horses in South Africa from 1996 to 2017: 34 from genital swabs (stored at −20°C for 2–3 y) and 2 from cryopreserved raw semen aliquots (stored at −70°C for 18 y) prior to assay. The MLST assay showed a single sequence type (ST), designated ST4, that supported a point introduction and thus a common source for the South African outbreak of contagious equine metritis.

Prevalence of Brucella abortus in buffaloes of Mafikeng game reserve, North West province, south Africa: A retrospective study

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nyirenda ◽  
L. Letlojane ◽  
M. Syakalima
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
South African ◽  
Rose Bengal ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
North West ◽  
Game Reserve

A retrospective study to explore the trends of Brucella abortus in buffaloes of Mafikeng game reserve was conducted for the period 2008-2010 using the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) raw data. Testing of buffaloes for brucellosis, FMD, Tuberculosis and Theileriosis is mandatory under South African law before moving buffaloes. Those found positive are usually never allowed to move. This therefore means that most buffaloes in well secured game ranches are expected to be free of the disease. It is against this background that this study examined Rose Bengal and CFT test records generated over a six months period in buffaloes at this game reserve. A total of 83 out of 365 buffalo records examined were found to be positive. This accounts for 0.23 percent prevalence of Brucella abortus during the study period. Even though the levels seem low, the fact that it should not be found at all is a concern and has implications on recreation in the game reserve and trading of these buffaloes.

107 MOTILITY PARAMETER PATTERNS OF NGUNI BULLS: EFFECT OF VARIOUS GYCEROL CONCENTRATIONS FOLLOWING CRYOPRESERVATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
T. L. Nedambale ◽  
M. L. Mphaphathi ◽  
P. H. Munyai ◽  
M. Tshabalala ◽  
P. Malusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Spermatozoa Motility ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Motility Parameters

The Nguni breed of South Africa is small, hardy, disease-tolerant, thrives on poor pasture, and was regarded as an inferior breed in the past. For optimizing routine fresh and freezing of Nguni bull semen analysis, 3 different concentrations of glycerol (7, 10, and 14%) were examined. Ten ejaculates were collected from each 6 Nguni bulls using electro-ejaculator at ARC, Irene, South Africa. Following semen collection, semen was examined for macroscopic (volume, pH, and concentration) and microscopic (motility) parameters. The semen was extended with Tris + 10% egg yolk diluent at a ratio of 1 : 2 (v/v) and frozen at different concentrations of glycerol (7, 10, and 14%). The semen was then evaluated using the sperm class analyzer (SCA; CASA system) for progressive motility parameters. Fresh and frozen-thawed were fixed and stained with Nigrosin-Eosin for morphology (dead and live). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. There was a significant difference among individual Nguni bull spermatozoa volume and concentration. Analyzed frozen-thawed Nguni spermatozoa resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) difference of spermatozoa motility parameters frozen in 10% glycerol (68%) compared with 7 (41%) and 14% glycerol (30%). In conclusion, Nguni spermatozoa can be cryopreserved successfully when 10% of glycerol concentration is used. The results of this study will improve the viability of cryopreserved Nguni bull spermatozoa following the development of a South African semen cryo-gene bank. This study was supported by grants from National Research Foundation (NRF), Hungarian, South African Bilateral Scientific and Technological (TETNo. OMFB-00302/2008, RT24000) collaborative project. Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF, RPPP15).

Reframing Xenophobia in South Africa as Colour-Blind: The Limits of the Afro Phobia Thesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-444
Author(s):  
Amanuel Isak Tewolde
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Black African ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Online Newspaper ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Realistic Conflict Theory

Many scholars and South African politicians characterize the widespread anti-foreigner sentiment and violence in South Africa as dislike against migrants and refugees of African origin which they named ‘Afro-phobia’. Drawing on online newspaper reports and academic sources, this paper rejects the Afro-phobia thesis and argues that other non-African migrants such as Asians (Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Chinese) are also on the receiving end of xenophobia in post-apartheid South Africa. I contend that any ‘outsider’ (White, Asian or Black African) who lives and trades in South African townships and informal settlements is scapegoated and attacked. I term this phenomenon ‘colour-blind xenophobia’. By proposing this analytical framework and integrating two theoretical perspectives — proximity-based ‘Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT)’ and Neocosmos’ exclusivist citizenship model — I contend that xenophobia in South Africa targets those who are in close proximity to disadvantaged Black South Africans and who are deemed outsiders (e.g., Asian, African even White residents and traders) and reject arguments that describe xenophobia in South Africa as targeting Black African refugees and migrants.

Region of Birth and Child Mortality among Black Migrants to South Africa: Is there a foreign-born advantage?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany L Green ◽  
Amos C Peters
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Black Immigrants ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Child Deaths

Much of the existing evidence for the healthy immigrant advantage comes from developed countries. We investigate whether an immigrant health advantage exists in South Africa, an important emerging economy.  Using the 2001 South African Census, this study examines differences in child mortality between native-born South African and immigrant blacks.  We find that accounting for region of origin is critical: immigrants from southern Africa are more likely to experience higher lifetime child mortality compared to the native-born population.  Further, immigrants from outside of southern Africa are less likely than both groups to experience child deaths.  Finally, in contrast to patterns observed in developed countries, we detect a strong relationship between schooling and child mortality among black immigrants.

Some Reflections on Reparation in Post-Apartheid South Africa, using a Couple Therapy Intervention as a Microcosm of South African Society

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hill ◽  
Sylvia Poss
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Depressive Position ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Transference And Countertransference ◽  
Constructive Engagement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Therapy Intervention

The paper addresses the question of reparation in post-apartheid South Africa. The central hypothesis of the paper is that in South Africa current traumas or losses, such as the 2008 xenophobic attacks, may activate a ‘shared unconscious phantasy’ of irreparable damage inflicted by apartheid on the collective psyche of the South African nation which could block constructive engagement and healing. A brief couple therapy intervention by a white therapist with a black couple is used as a ‘microcosm’ to explore this question. The impact of an extreme current loss, when earlier losses have been sustained, is explored. Additionally, the impact of racial difference on the transference and countertransference between the therapist and the couple is explored to illustrate factors complicating the productive grieving and working through of the depressive position towards reparation.

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