37 ANATOMICAL DEVIATIONS IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY, WEANED, CLONED CALVES

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Green ◽  
M. C. Berg ◽  
R. S. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Left Testis ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) is associated with increased incidence of abnormal placental and fetal development. NT fetuses often show an overgrowth phenotype involving the liver, kidney, heart, adrenals, and thyroids. About 10% of NT embryos will result in a live calf and only 67% of these will survive to weaning at 3 months of age. Those that survive beyond weaning appear normal but underlying health problems may not be revealed until the animals are stressed, physiologically challenged, or subjected to postmortem (PM) examination. The health and physiology of NT predominantly (75%) Jersey bull calves (n = 11) and Jersey bull control calves (n = 5) derived from artificial insemination (AI) were investigated. Routine blood analyses were carried out at 3 weeks and then at 3 and 6 months of age. The animals were euthanized at approximately 7 months of age and a full PM undertaken, including histological examination of organ tissues. Calf and organ weights were recorded. The bone mineral density (BMD, g cm2) of the left femur was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The mean values for the various parameters were compared between treatments using one-way ANOVA. One of the calves died at 40 days from acute hemorrhaging in the abomasum, and a second, at 50 days from respiratory infection. The remaining 9 NT and 5 AI calves appeared healthy at the time of euthanasia, and PM results showed no major gross or histological organ abnormalities. Plasma electrolytes of all animals were within the normal range. Mean NT body weight was significantly higher than that of AI calves (169 vs. 141 kg, respectively; P < 0.0001) but this may have been due in part to the minor beef genetic contribution. Comparison of organ weights relative to the total body weight identified the mean relative NT brain (P < 0.0001) and lung (P < 0.01) weights to be lighter than those of controls, whereas the mean relative weight of the chest thymus (P < 0.05), thyroid glands (P < 0.001), and left testis (P < 0.05) were heavier in NT than in controls. Interestingly, mean femur weight (P < 0.01) and mean overall BMD (P < 0.05) were higher in NT than in AI calves. The mean bone shaft BMD of NT calves was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the controls, although no difference in BMD was evident at the growth plate. The current study indicates that surviving NT calves are apparently healthy but still manifest certain organ abnormalities frequently seen in NT fetuses of failing pregnancies. Identification of osteopetrosis of the long bones suggests that osteoclast differentiation or function is altered in NT calves. Modulation of hematopoietic progenitor differentiation by the NT process may explain the osteopetrosis and the reported compromised immune function and response of NT animals subjected to mild stressors since osteoclasts, monocytes, and macrophages are derived from the same progenitor cells. However, further studies are required to test this hypothesis. This work was supported by NRCGD and FRST contract C10X0311.

scholarly journals The early changes in retinol-binding protein and prealbumin concentrations in plasma of protein–energy malnourished children after treatment with retinol and an improved diet

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Large ◽  
G. Neal ◽  
J. Glover ◽  
O. Thanangkul ◽  
R. E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

1. Changes in total retinol-binding protein (RBP), the holoprotein (holoRBP) and prealbumin (PA) concentrations have been monitored in plasma of thirty protein- and vitamin A-deficient preschool children from within a few hours up to 7 weeks after treatment with retinol and a good-quality protein diet.2. The children were classified into groups according to nutritional status as having either kwashiorkor, marasmus-kwashiorkor or marasmus, and given formula diets whose protein and energy contents increased stepwise from 1 g and 105 kJ/kg body-weight respectively up to 4 g and 733 kJ/kg body-weight after 4 weeks. Retinol was administered in the forms of retinyl palmitate either orally or intramuscularly.3. PA and total RBP were determined by electroimmunoassay procedures and the holoRBP by its fluorescence after separation from other plasma proteins.4. RBP in plasma of the vitamin A-deficient child is largely denatured and incapable of binding administered retinol, which must first be taken up by the liver before native holoRBP is released. An increased pool of native apoprotein accumulates in the liver during vitamin A deficiency which is released into plasma quickly after retinol uptake to form peak concentrations of total and holoRBP approximately 3 h after dosing intramuscularly and 6 h orally.5. The accumulated pool of RBP was highest in livers from the marasmus group and lowest in those from the kwashiorkor group, reflecting their relative capacities to synthesize plasma proteins.6. The mean plasma concentrations of total and holoRBP for the various groups were minimal 24–48 h after dosing with retinol and then improved almost linearly over the following week.7. Mean plasma PA concentrations of the various groups on admission were also in order of the severity of their malnutrition. There was little or no change in this protein concentration over the first 24 h after dosing with retinol, but thereafter the mean values rose almost linearly over 2 weeks. Albumin on the other hand changed little during the first week. The results show that PA is the more sensitive measurement of protein nutritional status.

Volumetric Estimation of Femur Bone for Detecting Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1871-1876
Author(s):  
N. Shankar ◽  
S. Sathish Babu ◽  
Allwyn Gnanadas ◽  
V. Rajmohan
Keyword(s):  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Femur Bone ◽  
Femur Neck ◽  
Bone Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Post Menopausal

Osteoporosis is a diminishing of the bone that prompts break with least compel. It influences postmenopausal ladies and elderly of both sexual orientations. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is one of the parameter identified with bone quality. Double Energy X-beam Absorptiometry (DXA) is at present considered as the “highest quality level” for measuring BMD. Morphometric analysis of femur bone is done on both radiographic images and Computed tomography image. An aggregate number of 50 (n = 50) Indian ladies, 18 solid pre menopausal ladies (n = 18, 36.3±8.7 years) and 32 post menopausal ladies (n = 32, 58±9.1 years) whose age extended from 20–85 years were incorporated. The patients are subjected to take X-ray, CT and DXA. The outcomes gotten by DXA found that 20% and 34% of the Indian ladies were having osteoporosis and osteopenia separately. Using SPSS software, the morphometrics analysis like neck of the bone, width of the neck, thickness of shaft, width of acetabular bone is measured and in CT images using MIMICS software the Hounsfield is measured in neck of femur, trochanter head and shaft. Est volume is calculated through measured Hounsfield unit. These qualities were observed to be diminished by −29%, −23%, −17%, −15%, and −10% separately, when contrasting with typical Indian ladies. The obtained square of the correlation coefficients (r2) were 0.22, 0.25, 0.23, 0.41, and 0.34 respectively. In osteoporotic women, The estimated volume of femur neck were significantly reduced by 71.8% and in measured BMD DXA value is reduced by 36.7% compared with normal women. Further, osteoporotic women, the mean values of BMD-DXA as well as Est-vol. BMD of trochanter were significantly (p = 0.01) reduced by 45.7% and 80.2% respectively, when comparing to normal healthy women. The femur neck and aggregate hip BMD and Singh’s list were lesser by 41.6% and 33.7%, 40% (p < 0.01) individually in osteoporotic post-menopausal ladies, contrasting with typical post-menopausal ladies. The mean estimations of range and the volume of the proximal neck were diminished −20% and −21% in the osteoporotic Indian ladies than in typical Indian ladies.

Hypophosphatasia: Evaluation of Size and Mineral Density of Exfoliated Teeth

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hayashi-Sakai ◽  
N Numa-Kinjoh ◽  
M Sakamoto ◽  
J Sakai ◽  
J Matsuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Present Patient ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
The Mean

Objective: Most cases of hypophosphatasia (HPP) exhibit early loss of primary teeth. Results of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis of teeth with HPP have not yet been reported. The purpose of the present study was to describe the size and mineral density distribution and mapping of exfoliated teeth with HPP using micro CT. Study design: Seven exfoliated teeth were obtained from a patient with HPP. Exfoliated teeth sizes were measured on micro CT images and mineral densities of the mandibular primary central incisors were determined. Results: Partial dentures were fabricated for the patient to replace the eight primary teeth which had exfoliated. Most primary teeth sizes were within the normal range. The mean values of enamel and dentin mineral densities in teeth with HPP were 1.35 and 0.88 g/cm3, respectively, in the mandibular primary central incisors. Conclusion: Mineral density distribution and mapping revealed that the values in teeth with HPP were lower than the homonymous teeth controls in all regions from the crown to apex. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the differences between HPP and controls were larger on the crown side and the differences tended to converge on the apex side. These results suggested that the present patient showed mild hypomineralization in the primary dentition.

scholarly journals Benzodiazepine premedication in general anaesthesia: a clinical comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Babita Lahkar ◽  
Kalpajit Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Prolonged Sedation ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
The Mean

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The main aims of pre-anaesthetic medication are anxiolysis, analgesia, anti-emesis and reducing perioperative patient risk. Producing a state of amnesia for pre and post-operative events is desired by all. This study has been undertaken to evaluate the role of three of the benzodiazepines i.e. diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam during general anaesthesia, in providing anxiolysis, sedation and amnesia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study included patients with ASA grade I and ASA grade II physical status of both sexes, age ranging between 18-60 years. Patients were divided into three groups of thirty patients each, every group receiving intramuscular injections of diazepam 0.1 mg/kg body weight, lorazepam 0.07 mg/kg body weight and midazolam 0.08 mg/kg body weight respectively; 45 minutes prior to induction of general anaesthesia. Anxiety assessment before premedication along with assessment of sedation after premedication was done.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Before premedication the mean values of pulse rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate were not significantly different among the three groups (p&gt;0.05). Maximum changes in these parameters were observed with Midazolam followed by lorazepam and diazepam. The dose of thiopentone used as inducing agent was also lowered significantly in case of midazolam (p&lt;0.05). One patient in midazolam group showed respiratory depression whereas four patients receiving lorazepam and diazepam showed delayed recovery and prolonged sedation, but the effects were self-limiting.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Midazolam offers the maximum advantage in allaying anxiety and providing excellent sedation and amnesia during general anaesthesia and proves to be the most suitable premedicant before general anaesthesia.</p>

FOLLOW-UP OF INFANTS WITH SINGLE UMBILICAL ARTERY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Luz A. Froehlich ◽  
Toshio Fujikura
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Umbilical Artery ◽  
Single Umbilical Artery ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Genitourinary Anomalies ◽  
Associated Malformations ◽  
The Mean

Of 39,773 white and black consecutive single births, 344 (0.9%) had single umbilical artery (SUA). The incidence was higher in whites (1.2%) than in blacks (0.5%). Despite high mortality in infants with SUA (14.0%) the incidence was still 0.7% among surviving infants. Associated malformations were present in 19 of 36 dead infants with SUA, or 52.8%, and in 11 of 266 SUA survivors, or 4.1%. Cardiovascular and genitourinary anomalies were not higher in dead infants with SUA compared to all dead malformed infants. A follow-up study of infants up to 4 years of age was undertaken, comparing 266 SUA survivors with 798 matched controls. Among malformations found in survivors, only inguinal hernia was significantly higher in SUA children compared to controls. The incidences of other specific abnormal conditions were not significantly different in the two groups. The mean values of body weight, body length, and head circumference at 4 months, 1 year, and 4 years of age, were almost equal in the two groups, as were the mental and motor scores at 8 months and the I.Q. at 4 years of age.

Radiographic morphometry of the hoof and third phalanx of apparently healthy Nigerian horses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Ogbanya ◽  
C.A. Eze ◽  
J.I. Ihedioha
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The objective of the study was to establish reference values for radiographic soft tissue indices of the hooves of apparently healthy Nigerian horses and to identify sex and age-related variations if any. Lateromedial radiographic examinations of the forelimb hooves of 52 apparently healthy Nigerian horses of both sexes aged young (1 – 5years), adult (6 – 10years) and old (11years and above) were carried out in the cross-sectional survey design. Radiographic soft tissue indices such as hoof wall distal phalanx distance (HWDPD), hoof wall proximal phalanx distance (HWPPD), coronary extensor distance (CED), sole depth (SD), hoof cup (HC), palmarocortical length (PCL) of the third phalanx, hoof wall angle (HWA), angle of third phalanx (AP3) and angle of rotation (AR) were measured and compared between sexes and among age groups. There was no significant sex variations in the indices investigated. However, the mean SD and HC showed age-related significant variation. The mean SD was only significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in old horses compared to young and adult horses. The mean values of HC were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in adult and old horses compared to young horses. Radiographic morphometric indices assessed in this study may differ with those reported from other breeds, so they can be used in the future as reference values for diagnosis of laminitis in front feet of Nigerian horses.

The influence of alendronate therapy on the quality of life in postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Grażyna Bączyk ◽  
Dorota Formanowicz ◽  
Paweł Kleka ◽  
Włodzimierz Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
General Scale ◽  
Specific Scale

Introduction and objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of treatment on the quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women characterized by the reduced BMD.Material and methods: Postmenopausal women (n=102), mean age (65.09±5.6 years) were included in this study. The participants were divided into two groups, depending on the treatment or lack of treatment. For assessment of their QoL, QUALEFFO-41 scale and WHOQOL-100 scale were used.Results: Mean values of the QUALEFFO-41 scale of women who used alendronate were significantly lower than those found in subjects not treated with this drug in the following areas: pain (p=0.03), ADL (p=0.03), jobs around the house (p=0.01), mobility (p=0.01), health perception (p=0.03), emotional function (p= 0.007) and total QoL  (p=0.005). The mean values of the WHOQOL-100 scale almost did not differ significantly between both groups of studied patients. An exception was the level of independence, with mean values of women not receiving bisphosphonates being significantly higher than those of patients using bisphosphonates therapy (p=0.04).Conclusions. Quality of life assessment of women with osteoporosis and osteopenia using a specific scale and general scale can be a valuable clue in the planning of treatment, nursing care and psychological care.

scholarly journals Is the secular trend reflected in early stages of human ontogenesis?

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Domagała ◽  
Paweł Dąbrowski ◽  
Michał Porwolik ◽  
Krystian Porwolik ◽  
Bohdan Gworys
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean

Abstract There are a limited number of studies on secular changes in the neonatal period, and the majority of them concern research related to childhood and puberty The objective of our study was to carry out a comparative analysis of body weight and length at birth in neonates born in Wrocław in subsequent decades since 1950 to find out if these parameters are subject to secular trend, and what values they attained during the studied period of 50 years. The study was carried out in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in 2000 to analyse changes in body length, body weight and Rohrer index over time. The sample studied consisted of 7510 neonates, 3882 males and 3628 females, born in Wroclaw. Secular changes were tested using one-way variance analysis. The values of F statistics were compared to the critical values of the F Snedecor distribution. Changes in the features of neonates in subsequent study years were analysed using the modified z-score. Data were normalised for standard deviation in decade increments. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. The acceleration in the body length of neonates caused a gradual decrease in the mean values of the Rohrer index. No secular trend in body weight was found in Wrocław neonates over the 50-year period between 1950 and 2000 With regard to body length at birth, four waves of deceleration and acceleration were found: period 1 (1950s): deceleration in the increase of the analysed body parameters of neonates; period 2 (1960s): acceleration in neonates’ growth; period 3 (1970s and 1980s): economic crisis and political transformations in Poland; this is reflected by the stable mean values of body dimensions in neonates. The secular trend clearly decelerated, and period 4 (1990s and 2000) - very intense acceleration in both body weight and length and the Rohrer index.

Autopsy Standards of Body Parameters and Fresh Organ Weights in Nonmacerated and Macerated Human Fetuses

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Leth Maroun ◽  
Niels Graem
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Perinatal Pathology ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Body Parameters

Standards for body parameters and organ weights are important tools in fetal and perinatal pathology. Previously there has been only a weak emphasis on the effect of maceration on dimensions and weights. This study provides autopsy standards for body weight, body dimensions, and fresh organ weights for nonmacerated fetuses and for mildly, moderately, and markedly macerated fetuses at 12 to 43 weeks of gestation. Cases were selected from a consecutive series of 1800 fetal and perinatal autopsies. Cases with malformations, hydrops, infection, or chromosomal abnormality, fetuses from multiple births, and infants who lived longer than 24 h were excluded. In each case the maceration was graded and body weight and 4 body dimensions were recorded before organ examination. Organs were weighed immediately and before fixation. Growth curves were fitted according to appropriate mathematical methods and the effects of maceration on each value were tested statistically. We found that weights of the liver, thymus, and spleen markedly decrease with increasing maceration. The weights of the lungs, kidneys, and adrenals decreased modestly, whereas weights of the heart and brain changed only slightly. Body length increased slightly with maceration, whereas body weight and head circumference were unaffected. User-friendly charts and tables of mean values and standard deviations for nonmacerated and macerated fetuses are provided.

scholarly journals Discriminant Analysis of the Coordinated Work Indicators of the Heart and Blood Vessels in Health and Disease

Biomeditsina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
N. N. Karkischenko ◽  
D. B. Chaivanov ◽  
Y. A. Chudina ◽  
A. A. Nikolaev ◽  
A. A. Vartanov
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Trend Model ◽  
Wave Duration ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Coeffi Cients ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Apparently Healthy

A discriminant method was proposed for modeling and quantifying the consistency of regulatory mechanisms in the cardiovascular system (CVS) of apparently healthy volunteers and those suffering from circulatory disorders associated with cervical spine osteochondrosis (OCS) and somatoform autonomic dysfunction (SAD). The congruence of the parameters of ECG intervalometry (DCI) and pulse wave duration (PWD) according to the volunteers’ photoplethysmograms (PPG) was established by calculating the disparity measure and deviations from the mean values using the coeffi cients of displacement, slope of the approximating straight line, as well as by comparing the reliability and correlation of the trend model with the initial data. We discovered gross violations of congruence in the work of efferent and afferent regulatory CVS mechanisms, mismatch and decrease in comparison with the norm of DCI and PWD, a signifi cant decrease in their approximation in the SAD volunteers. In volunteers with OCS, deviations in DCI and PWD from their mean values are much lower than in those with SAD, being inferior compared to healthy volunteers. Similar to SAD, these patients are inferior to healthy volunteers in terms of the disparity measure. 

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