scholarly journals 305 FIRST REPORT OF THE USE OF SEXED SEMEN BY FLOW CYTOMETRY IN BOS INDICUS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
L. Cattaneo ◽  
A. Galassi ◽  
R. Franco ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
K. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Fetus ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sexed Semen

The only method of sexing sperm that works in any practical sense is measuring DNA content of individual sperm by flow cytometry, and sorting them based on that information (Schenk and Seidel 2002 J. Anim. Sci. 80 (Suppl. 1), 188). This is, also, the first reference of the use of sexed semen in Brazil. The objective of this experiment was to compare the fertility of sexed and non-sexed conventional semen in Bos indicus purebreeds. Ejaculates from eight Nelore bulls were collected by artificial vagina, diluted, and stained with Hoeschst 33342 (Schenk et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1375–1391). A high-speed flow cytometer (SX-MOFLO®, DakoCytomation, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) was used for sorting X sperm. Sexed semen was then packaged at 3 million total sperm in 0.25-mL straws and frozen. The average estimated purity obtained by resort analysis of one straw per batch was 91.5%. An aliquot of each ejaculate was frozen unsexed at a concentration of 50 × 106 sperm/mL in 0.5-mL straws (control). A total of 283 Nelore heifers were synchronized with two doses of PGF2α 12 days apart and inseminated in the body of the uterus 12 h after heat detection. Field trials were carried out in four different states in Brazil: Minas Gerais (MG), Mato Grosso (MT), Mato grosso do Sul (MS), Rondônia (RO). Pregnancy diagnosis and fetal sex determination were performed by ultrasound 30 and 60 days post-AI, respectively. Data were analyzed by chi-square and Monte Carlo methods. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in pregnancy rate between sexed and non-sexed semen (see Table 1). At the time of abstract submission, of 41 pregnant heifers from sexed semen confirmed by ultrasound, 40 had a female fetus (97%). These results indicate that sexing semen by flow cytometry could be a very important tool to accelerate the genetic gain in Bos indicus cattle. Brazil has the largest commercial herd in the world and, therefore, a great potential to incorporate this technology that is now available in the country. Table 1.

scholarly journals 329PREGNANCY RATE IN EWES INSEMINATED WITH SEXED SEMEN IN ARGENTINA

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cattaneo ◽  
P. Martín ◽  
J.O. Caballero ◽  
M. Calvi ◽  
B. Vietri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sexed Semen

Offspring of many species have been born from flow cytometrically sex-sorted sperm since its introduction in 1989 (LA Jonhson et al.; 1999, Theriogenology). Births of lambs after insemination of ewes with low doses of sexed semen were first reported by Hollinshead et al. (Rep. Fert. Dev. 2002). A field trial was carried out in Patagonia Argentina comparing the use of low doses of sexed and non-sexed frozen semen. This study is aimed at comparing pregnancy rates in ewes inseminated with sorted and nonsorted frozen-thawed sperm. Ejaculates from two Merino rams were diluted with modified tirode solution (Shenk et al., 1999, Theriogenology), stained with Hoescht 33342, and finally incubated at 35°C for 40 minutes. The addition of 10% ram seminal plasma to the sample was done to avoid sperm agglutination caused by dilution effect (Mann, 1964). Sorting was performed with a high speed flow cytometer (MOFLO®). Up to 8 million of sexed spermatozoa were collected in 15-mL conical tubes containing modified tirode solution plus 10% ram seminal plasma, centrifuged at 600g 12min and resuspended with test yolk media plus 11% skimmed milk and 5% glycerol. After being refrigerated at 4°C for at least 1.5h, sexed and nonsexed semen were packaged in 0.25-mL straws at a concentration of 4 to 5 total million sperm and then frozen in an automatic freezing machine (IMV®). One hundred and eighty-three ewes and hoggets were laparoscopically inseminated by the same technician with eight to ten million sorted and nonsorted frozen-thawed semen 14h after heat detection. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound at day 30 post-insemination. Data were analized by Chi-square. There was significant difference in the overall pregnancy rate between sorted and nonsorted sperm, although, for one of the rams that difference was not significant. There was, also, no significant difference in pregnancy rate between ram 1 and 2 in ewes inseminated with either sexed or nonsexed semen (Table 1). These results indicate that the different performance of sorted compared to non sorted sperm is mainly explained by the lower results achieved with semen from ram 2. According to this conclusion, further studies should be done in order to evaluate the degree to which the sorting process affects the sperm fertilizing capability in different rams. This research was supported by Fundación Margarita Perez Companc. Table 1

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Diagnostic Advantage of Intraoral D and E Film for Detecting Interproximal Caries

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolrahim Davari ◽  
Fatemeh Ezoddini Ardakani ◽  
Daryoush Goodarzipour ◽  
Koorosh Goodarzipour
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Image ◽  
Proximal Caries ◽  
Diagnostic Quality ◽  
Type D ◽  
Film Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Speed ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Clinicians strive to reduce the exposure of patients to X-ray radiation in an effort to decrease its harmful effects on the body. A potential strategy for achieving this goal is the use of high-speed films that require less exposure to radiation to generate a diagnostic image. There are two film types commonly used in intraoral radiography: high speed or “Ekta-speed” film (Type E) and normal speed or Ultra-speed film (Type D). Type E film requires nearly half of the exposure time that is required by Type D films to produce an acceptable diagnostic image; however, the diagnosis quality and usability of these film types are under question. The purpose of this research is to compare the diagnostic quality of Type E with Type D film when used to diagnose proximal caries. In this study 40 pairs of extracted maxillary premolar teeth were chosen and divided into four groups of 10 pairs. Cavities were made on proximal surfaces at different depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm) for each group. Bitewing radiographs were then taken on each pair of teeth using Type E film and then again using Type D film. Radiographs were evaluated by two oral radiologists and two operative dentistry specialists who recorded the perceived diagnostic depth of the prepared cavities. Our data showed both Type D and E films are suitable for use in diagnosing proximal caries, and despite a minor discrepancy between them no significant difference was found with regard to their value in diagnosing proximal caries. Citation Ardakani FE, Davari A, Goodarizpour D, et. al. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Advantage of Intraoral D and E Film for Detecting Interproximal Caries. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:058-070.

110 COMPARISON OF ANDROMED®, BIOXCELL®, AND BOTU-BOV® EXTENDERS FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF BULL SEXED SEMEN

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Q. Braga ◽  
R. V. R. Franco ◽  
L. F. Rodrigues ◽  
G. Galeli ◽  
K. M. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Hoechst 33342 ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
Fort Collins

Sexing semen has become a worldwide technology now available in many countries through the use of flow cytometry for sexing mammal sperms (Johnson and Welch 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1323–1341). Because straws containing sexed semen have a low concentration, any condition that either improves or decreases freezing capabilities will considerably change semen quality. During cryopreservation, spermatozoa have been described as undergoing many changes that lead to membrane damage, which may result in decreased fertility (Watson 2000 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6 (Suppl 1), 481). Since many cryoprotectants are available on the market, the objective of the present study was to compare 3 different extenders for freezing sex-sorted semen. For this study, 25 ejaculates were collected from 8 bulls of different breeds, diluted, then dyed with Hoechst 33342 (Schenk et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1375–1391), and sexed by flow cytometry (SX MoFlo®; DaKoCytomation, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA). After being cooled at 4°C for 1 h and 30 min, the sexed semen was centrifuged and diluted in AndroMed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany), Bioxcell® (IMV, Aigle, France), or Botu-Bov® (Biotech Botucatu, Ltda., Sao Paulo, Brazil); the semen was packaged at 3 million total sperm in 0.25-mL straws and frozen in an automatic freezer (Digit cool 5300® IMV). To evaluate the freezing quality, the straws were thawed and incubated at 35°C for 15 min. The progressive motility was observed through an optical microscope (Coleman 200T). The statistical analyses were done using the SAS program (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). Results show that there was no statistical difference between Bioxcell and AndroMed extenders (P ≤ 0.05). However, Botu-Bov extender showed a significant difference when compared with Bioxcell and AndroMed (see Table 1). It is also important to point out that 40% of the samples frozen with AndroMed showed non-aligned movement. Even though few ejaculates were used for this study, preliminary results showed that Bioxcell seemed to be the most suitable for freezing bull sexed semen. Table 1. Percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing

The Study of Politeness and Face in 2013 Presidential Election Candidates of Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Hassan Soleimani ◽  
Maliheh Nouraei Yeganeh
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
News Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Politeness Strategies

The present paper investigates pragmatic competence by considering some corpora of 2013 Iran presidential debates.The Fararu news source was used for sampling third debate. The present study examined two aspects of pragmatic competence for analyzing the materials. First, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory was used to examine the positive and/or negative politeness of each candidate’s speech. Then, the study used the Pearson chi-square formula to examine the frequency of politeness strategies used by candidates. Second, Arundale’s (2010) face theory was used to analyze criticism responses exchanges between the candidates. The researchers assumed that, following the theories, pragmatic competence might have a great effect on election’s outcomes and mitigate the threat to candidates’ face. The findings showed a statistically significant difference between the frequencies of politeness strategies used by Iran’s 2013 presidential candidates. Moreover, there was one by one relation between the mitigating of face threatening acts and face constituting strategies used by candidaes. We hope the findings could add to the body of knowledge in both pragmatics and presidential election context.

72 Invitro embryo production using prepubertal calf oocytes with conventional semen and sexed semen ULTRA-4M

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
A. Velazquez ◽  
H. Alvarez ◽  
M. Kjelland ◽  
F. Villaseñor ◽  
G. Ariza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
Α Level

Invitro embryo production (IVP) can increase the reproductive potential and genetic quality of cattle, as well as other species. This powerful assisted reproduction tool can be used to produce embryos from prepubertal calves, reducing the generation interval. A recent sexed semen technology known as ULTRA (ST Genetics), completely modified the technique, the media and sperm concentration. In field trials with AI there was no difference between conventional semen (CONV) and ultra-sexed semen at a concentration of 4 million per straw (ULTRA-4M). The combined use of IVP and ULTRA-4M can decrease the selection time for improving dairy and beef cattle herd genetics. The objective of this research was to compare the CONV and ULTRA-4M semen using bovine IVP and prepubertal calves. The research was carried out in the reproduction laboratory of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FESC-UNAM). The IVP was performed with a continuous invitro culture (IVC) system. The ovaries were collected in Campeche, México, from Bos indicus×Bos taurus crossbred calves (6 months old) using surgical castration (for export to the United States) and transported to the laboratory (FESC-UNAM) in BO-HEPES-IVM (Bioscience™), in an oocyte transporter (WTA). Vitrogen media were used for IVF and IVC. For IVM, the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were selected (only grades 1 and 2) and matured for 24h at 38.5°C. Matured oocytes (n=600, divided equally into five replicates) were divided into 2 groups, the CONV group and the ULTRA-4M group. The IVF process was conducted with CONV and ULTRA-4M semen from the same bull (Holstein) at a concentration of 2×106 and 0.5×106 spermatozoamL−1, respectively, for 18h in 38.5°C, 5% CO2, 95% air, and 100% humidity. The presumptive zygotes were denuded by pipetting and set in IVC until Day 7 at 38.5°C, 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 at 100% humidity. The cleavage results were recorded 56h after the beginning of IVC. The cleavage rate, embryos with more than 6 cells, and blastocysts on Day 7 of culture were evaluated. The statistical analysis was carried out with the GLM procedure of the SAS software (version 9.3; SAS Institute Inc.) to evaluate the results of CONV vs. ULTRA-4M (α level=0.05). The percentage of cleavage for CONV was 46%±1.4 and 43.2%±1.4 for ULTRA-4M. The results for embryos with more than 6 cells in the CONV and ULTRA-4M groups were 16%±0.6 and 14%±0.6, respectively. The percentage of blastocysts on Day 7 for CONV was 9%±0.6 and 8%±0.6 for ULTRA-4M. There were no significant differences between groups (P&gt;0.05) for all variables analysed. In conclusion, under the conditions of this research the ULTRA-4M and CONV produced similar results for IVP.

scholarly journals Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de um colégio militar

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Paixão Fayer ◽  
Maria Marta Conrado ◽  
Luciano Miranda ◽  
Renato Melo Ferreira ◽  
Everton Rocha Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Military College

Introdução: Nas últimas décadas aumentou o número de pessoas acima do peso, incluindo crianças e adolescentes, fato que é considerado preocupante, pois pode acarretar diversas doenças crônicas, em longo prazo.Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de um colégio militar, investigando possíveis diferenças entre os sexos e as faixas etárias.Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, do qual participaram 381 escolares de um colégio militar de Minas Gerais, de 11 a 17 anos, sendo 213 meninos e 168 meninas. Calculou-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) que foi classificado segundo o PROESP-BR. Para testar diferenças entre os sexos, utilizou-se o teste do Qui-Quadrado (X2) e para testar a relação entre idade e IMC, utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson. Significância estatística: p < 0,05.Resultados: Foi observado sobrepeso em 17,8% (n = 68) e de obesidade em 5,8% (n = 22) dos escolares. Houve correlação positiva entre a idade cronológica e o IMC (r = 0,32; p < 0,0001). Não houve correlação entre estado nutricional e faixa etária. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os sexos, em relação ao sobrepeso e à obesidade (16,9% e 6,6% nos meninos vs. 19,0% e 4,8% nas meninas, respectivamente).Conclusão: A prevalência sobrepeso e obesidade nos escolares do colégio militar, em conjunto, foi de 23,6%, tanto nos meninos quanto nas meninas, sem diferença significativa entre as faixas etárias. Essa prevalência foi similar à média de escolares brasileiros.Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Students of a Military SchoolIntroduction: Over the past few decades, the number of overweight people, including children and adolescents has increased significantly, a fact that is considered worrying, as it can lead to several chronic diseases in the long term.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren of a military college, investigating possible differences between sexes and age groups.Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out in which 381 students from a military school in Minas Gerais, aged 11 to 17 years, were 213 boys and 168 girls. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the PROESP-BR. To test for gender differences, the Chi-square test (X2) was used and Pearson's correlation was used to test the relationship between age and BMI. Statistical significance: p <0.05.Results: Overweight was observed in 17.8% (n = 68) and obesity in 5.8% (n = 22) of the students. There was a positive correlation between chronological age and BMI (r = 0.32; p <0.0001). There was no correlation between nutritional status and age range. No significant differences were observed between genders regarding overweight and obesity (16.9% and 6.6% in boys vs. 19.0% and 4.8% in girls, respectively).Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the students of the military college, together, was 23.6% in both boys and girls, with no significant difference between age groups. This prevalence was similar to the average of Brazilian schoolchildren.

scholarly journals Haematological and histopathological analysis in South American fish Piaractus mesopotamicus parasitized by monogenean (Dactylogyridae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1000-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
GT Jerônimo ◽  
SB Pádua ◽  
D Bampi ◽  
ELT Gonçalves ◽  
P Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Significant Difference

Monogeneans are the parasites mostly found on the body surface and gills of fish and can cause large losses in farmed fish. Some studies demonstrate elevated parasitic levels causing hematological alterations. But few of them relate the effects of parasitism on the hematology and histopathology of native freshwater farmed fish. This study evaluated the host-parasite relationship in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) parasitized by the monogenean Anacanthorus penilabiatus. Hematological and parasitological assessments were obtained in 60 fish captured in a fish farm located in Dourados, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil. Fish were analyzed in different categories of parasite number: class I (n=13; 0-200 parasites), class II (n=17; 201-1200 parasites); class III (n=7; 1201-2200 parasites); and class IV (n=23; more than 2200 parasites per host). The highest levels of parasitism caused significant decrease (p<0.05) in the hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and basophils number. Thrombocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and LG-PAS did not present significant difference among the parasitic levels. In contrast, increased number of total leukocytes and lymphocytes were found in highly-parasitized fish. A positive linear correlation (p<0.01) was found between the amount of parasites and fish weight. Histopathology revealed severe hyperplasia, sub-epithelial edema, fusion of the secondary lamellae, focal and multifocal necrosis in highly parasitized fish.

scholarly journals Understanding the Characteristics of Pedestrians when Passing Obstacles of Different Sizes: An Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah N Alhawsawi ◽  
Majid Sarvi ◽  
Emad Felemban ◽  
Abbas Rajabifard ◽  
Jianyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Speed Level ◽  
Collective Movements ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

The aim of this study is to understand the collective movements of individuals and to observe how individuals interact within a physical environment in a crowd dynamic, which has drawn the attention of many researchers. We conducted an experimental study to observe interactions in the collective motions of people and to identify characteristics of pedestrians when passing obstacles of different sizes (bar-shaped, 1.2 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m and 4.8 m), going through one narrow exit and employing three different flow rates in walking and running conditions. According to the results of our study, there were no differences in collision-avoidance behaviour of pedestrians when walking or running. The pedestrians reacted early to the obstacles and changed the direction in which they were walking by quickly turning to the left or to the right. In terms of the speed of the pedestrians, the average velocity was significantly affected while performing these tasks, decreasing as the size of the obstacle increased; therefore, the size of obstacles will affect flow and speed levels. Travel time was shorter when participants were in the medium-flow rate experiments. In terms of the distance of each individual’s travel, our data showed that there was no significant difference in all the flow rate experiments for both speed levels. Our results also show that when the pedestrians crossed an obstacle, the lateral distance averaged from 0.3 m to 0.7 m, depending on the flow rate and speed level. We then explored how the body sways behaved while avoiding obstacles. It is observed that the average sway of the body was less in the high-speed conditions compared to the low-speed conditions – except for the HF & 4.8 m experiment. These results are expected to provide an insight into the characteristics of the behaviour of pedestrians when avoiding objects, and this could help enhance agent-based models.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the in vitro production of bovine embryos in a commercial program

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e16110212264
Author(s):  
Bárbara Gomes Rodrigues Nogueira ◽  
Lilian Franscico Arantes de Souza ◽  
Raquel Zaneti Puelker ◽  
Inês Cristina Giometti ◽  
Sheila Merlo Garcia Firetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Group Frequency ◽  
Sexed Semen ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Vitro Production

Variability in the production of bovine blastocysts per session of ultrasound-guided follicularaspiration(OPU) is still an obstacle in commercial production.Thus, the objective of the current work was to verify factors that influence in vitro embryo production (PIVE), using data from a commercial laboratory.Data from 2014 to 2016 were analyzed, referring to 799 OPU sessions of adult bovine females of the breeds: Nelore (n=83), Girolando (n=73), Brangus (n=49), HPB (n=20), and Senepol (n=10).The influence of five variables was analyzed: breed, genetic group, frequency of aspiration, type of semen (sexed/conventional), and seasonality (spring/summer vs. autumn/winter) on the rate of viable oocytes, cleavage, and blastocyst production (bl).The protocols for the in vitroproduction of embryos (IVP) followed the routine established by the partner laboratory of the present study. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS, with the Chi-square test.The Girolando and Nelore breeds had a higher (p=0.0001) number of blastocysts/OPU session, as well as the Bos indicus blood group.Blastocyst production was higher (p=0.0059) with sexed semen compared to conventional semen (6.6 x 5.2 bl/OPU session); a higher frequency of aspirations also increased (p=0.005) the number of bl/OPU session (7.7 x 5.9).We conclude that the in vitro production of bovine embryos is influenced by the analyzed factors and knowledge of these variables could guide the commercial use of OPU-PIVE. 

scholarly journals Hubungan Terapi Senam Yoga terhadap Hipertensi pada Lansia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Setiana Andarwulan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chi Square Test

Hypertension is a degenerative disease. This disease is usually suffered by the elderly. The method of treatment taken is through the use of drug consumption [lowering blood pressure, but taking long-term drugs can have a chemical effect in the body, so the use of drugs made from natural ingredients becomes one of the drugs in reducing blood pressure. In addition, yoga can also be used to lower blood pressure. By following exercise regularly. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between blood pressure and yoga exercises. The method used in this research is pre-experimental, with a population of 30 respondents, through the sampling technique, namely total sampling. The result of this research is that there is a difference between the correlation test of yoga exercise and blood pressure through the chi square test, the Asymp value is obtained. Sig. (2-sided) 0.025. There is a significant difference between blood pressure before and after doing yoga exercises.

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