Impact of cloning on cattle breeding systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Family Testing ◽  
Calving Rate ◽  
The Cost

The concept of clone-family testing is compared with existing progeny testing systems. The critical factors that will decide how cloning is utilized are the potential size of cloned families, and the cost per embryo (or per calf born). If family sizes of 100 000 become routinely achievable (cheaply), then clone testing becomes viable. In rough figures, cloned embryos costing $30 with a 50% calving rate would be attractive to farmers and would be cheap enough that farmers would buy more (crossbred) embryos in order to breed further replacement cows. At $300 per embryo, farmers would be more inclined to buy a number of cloned pure-bred female embryos and then to use conventional artificial insemination to breed further replacements from these superior cows. At $3000 per embryo, farmers would probably only be interested in very small numbers of cloned animals, most of which would be males. The relative importance of adult versus fetal cloning is discussed. The need for gene banks to preserve genetic variation is emphasized; both gametes and somatic tissue cultures should be considered.

Statistical Evaluation for claims and disputes in construction contracts

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Raid Saleem Abd Ali ◽  
Nooran kanaan Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Construction Contracts ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Price Schedule ◽  
Questionnaire Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

This research aims to diagnose and identify the causes of claims and disputes between the contractor and the employer, also review the methods used to resolve disputes in construction contracts. In order to achieve the goal of the research, scientific methodology is followed to collect information and data on the subject of claims and disputes in construction projects in Iraq through personal interviews and questionnaire form. The most important results in this research are: the price schedule contract as a kind of competitive contracts is the most important and guarantee for the completion of minimum level of claims and disputes with relative importance of (84.1), compared with the (cost plus a percentage of the cost contract) as a kind of negotiating contracts is the most relative importance of (79.6), and the turnkey contract as a kind of special contracts is the most relative importance of (74.2). The  contractor and  his agents are one of the most influence sources in occurring claims and disputes in construction contracts with relative importance of (77.4) followed by the contract documents with relative importance of (74.2) and then the employer with relative importance of (73.2). In addition to the long period of litigation and the multiplicity of veto grades are most negative when contractual disputes have resolved by it, and with relative importance of (86), followed by the large number of issues and lack of efficiency and specialty of Judges with relative importance (78.4). Finally, the direct negotiation method (relative importance of 77) is one of the most friendly settlement ways favored by conflicted parties, while the resolution of disputes and claims board (relative importance of 10) occupied the last rank in the friendly settlement ways.

The relative importance of hummingbirds as pollinators in two bromeliads with contrasting floral specializations and breeding systems

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ferreira Pinto Magalhães ◽  
Pietro Kiyoshi Maruyama ◽  
Luísa Alícida Fernandes Tavares ◽  
Rodrigo Lemes Martins
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Relative Importance

Solasodine in Somatic Tissue Cultures of Solarium khasianum

Planta Medica ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 37 (09) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Uddin ◽  
H. Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Tissue Cultures

scholarly journals A Framework for the Improvement of Frugal Design Practices

Designs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ravindra Singh ◽  
Sumedha Seniaray ◽  
Prateek Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Cumulative Frequency Distribution ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
Importance Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Discriminatory Effect

Current frugal design practice is focused on the cost reduction of the product. Despite advancements in the domain of frugal Innovation, it is not systematized to develop products for all sets of users, including marginalized society. Many design researchers and engineers now dedicate time and knowledge to producing practical solutions to enhance the quality of life of the marginal community. The approach currently being adopted restricts the development of products intended for all segments of the users. In this paper, cumulative frequency distribution analysis and the Relative Importance Index is used to identify the essential attributes, which contribute to delivering actual frugal products in terms of functionality, usability, performance, affordability, accessibility, aesthetics, and robustness. The framework is beneficial to eradicate the discriminatory effect of being labeled as “Jugaad” users.

Progeny Testing in the Breeding of Farm Animals

1952 ◽  
Vol 1953 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivar Johansson ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In

The progress in animal improvement depends on the accuracy with which the breeding value of each individual in the breed, or herd, is estimated, and how the animals chosen on the basis of our estimates are combined in matings. We are concerned here only with the first part of the problem, i.e. the estimation of breeding values. The estimates are made in regard to certain characters, or traits, which are of particular interest from an economic point of view, and they may be based on the phenotypic merit of the individual, or on the merits of its ancestors or collateral relatives, or on the merits of its progeny, in regard to the character in question. Often a combination of two, or three, or all four methods may be used. Their relative importance depends on the heritability of the character, as will be discussed later.

scholarly journals The Influence of Varying Cost Formats on Preferences

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Changchuan Jiang ◽  
Liana Fraenkel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Treatment Preferences ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background. Numerous studies have found that cost strongly influences patients’ decision making. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of varying cost formats on patients’ preferences. Methods. Mechanical Turk workers completed a choice-based conjoint (CBC) survey. The CBC survey was designed to examine stated preferences for the use of second-line agents to treat diabetes across 5 attributes: route of administration, efficacy, risk of low blood sugar, frequency of checking blood sugar levels, and cost. We developed 7 versions of the CBC survey that were identical except for the cost attribute. We described cost in terms of: Affordability, Monthly Co-pay, Dollar Sign Rating, How Expensive, or How Cheap compared with other medications, Working Hours Equivalent (per mo) and Percent of Monthly Income. The resulting part-worth utilities were used to calculate the relative importance of cost and to estimate treatment preferences for exenatide, a sulfonylurea, and insulin. Results. The relative impact of cost varied significantly across the 7 formats. Cost had the greatest influence on participants’ decisions when framed in terms of Affordability [mean (SD) relative importance, 37.3 (0.9)] and the lowest influence when framed in terms of How Cheap (compared with other drugs) [12.1 (0.9)]. A sulfonylurea was strongly preferred across 4 of the 7 formats. Preference for insulin, the most effective, albeit riskiest, option was low across all cost formats. Conclusions. The format used to describe cost affects how the attribute impacts patients’ preferences. Individuals are most cost-sensitive when cost is framed in terms of affordability and least cost-sensitive when cost is described in terms of how cheap the medication is compared with others.

Policy of selecting bulls to breed bulls

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Sire Evaluation ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Computer Simulation Program ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTIn the breeding of dairy cattle the selection of bulls to breed young bulls for progeny testing is a crucial process. This paper compares several policies for making this selection based on the criteria-selection response, inbreeding depression, loss of genetic variance and variability of response. A number called the ‘effective number of new bulls to breed bulls selected each year’ (NBBe) is defined which is closely related to the last three of these criteria. Past studies of the design of dairy cattle breeding programmes have assumed that selection is within a group of bulls progeny tested in the same year (policy I). However, modern sire evaluation methods allow comparison of sires tested in different years. To evaluate the effect of selecting bulls to breed bulls from all available bulls (policy II) a computer simulation program was used. Policy II results in an increase in the response to selection but a substantial decrease in NBBe. When compared at the same NBBe, policy II results in a smaller selection response than policy I. A policy which allows the best bulls to be used for more than 1 year but which limits the maximum number of years for which they can be used, results in the best compromise. If bulls are to be used for several years there is little advantage to be gained from making more matings within each year to more high-rated bulls or to older, more reliably evaluated bulls.

Allocative inefficiency, X-inefficiency, Bureaucracy and Corruption in Developing Countries

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79
Author(s):  
Geoff Harris
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Allocative Inefficiency

Economists have traditionally been concerned with allocative efficiency, that is, with trying to make sure that the various factors of production are allocated so that the cost of any given output is minimized. Thus, they have emphasized the importance of ‘getting the prices right’ so that these reflect the relative scarcities of inputs in the economy and give the right signals, as regards resource allocation, to economic decision-makers. From the mid-1960s, Harvey Leibenstein has drawn attention to what he has termed X-inefficiencies which derive from non-price factors such as protection/shelter of enterprises from competition, inertia on the part of managers and limited effort by workers. This article examines the relative importance of allocative inefficiency, X-inefficiency, bureaucracy and corruption in LDCs. It finds that X-inefficiencies in developing countries are far more important than allocative inefficiencies. In addition, the inefficiencies resulting from each of bureaucracy and corruption, whilst difficult to measure, are at the very least as important as allocative inefficiencies and probably much more important. It also appears that X-inefficiencies are easier and less costly to reduce than allocative inefficiencies.

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