scholarly journals Associations between lipid metabolism and fertility in the dairy cow

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Claire Wathes ◽  
Andrew M. Clempson ◽  
Geoff E. Pollott
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Mitochondrial Pathway ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Peripartum Period ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Dairy cows mobilise body tissues to support milk production and, because glucose supplies are limited, lipids are used preferentially for energy production. Lipogenic activity is switched off and lipolytic mechanisms in adipose tissue increase through changes in the expression of several key enzymes. This results in a loss of body condition, together with high circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids. Changes in the synthesis, secretion and signalling pathways of somatotrophic hormones (insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and adipokines (e.g. leptin) are central to the regulation of these processes. A high reliance on fatty acids as an energy source in the peripartum period causes oxidative damage to mitochondria in metabolically active tissues, including the liver and reproductive tract. The expression of genes involved in insulin resistance (PDK4, AHSG) is increased, together with expression of TIEG1, a transcription factor that can induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Polymorphisms in TFAM and UCP2, two autosomal mitochondrial genes, have been associated with longevity in dairy cows. Polymorphisms in many other genes that affect lipid metabolism also show some associations with fertility traits. These include DGAT1, SCD1, DECR1, CRH, CBFA2T1, GH, LEP and NPY. Excess lipid accumulation in oocytes and the regenerating endometrium reduces fertility via reductions in embryo survival and increased inflammatory changes, respectively.

scholarly journals ПОКАЗНИКИ ЛІПІДНОГО ОБМІНУ У КОРІВ ЗА РІЗНИХ ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНИХ СТАНІВ ТА ПЕРІОДІВ УТРИМАННЯ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(70)) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
M.R. Simonov ◽  
V.V. Vlizlo ◽  
V.I. Butsyak
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The One

The aim of this research was to study the lipid metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows during different physiological states and maintenance periods. Study was conducted on two groups of animals of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The first group was formed in the winter stall-feeding period, the second one during the grazing period. Blood samples were taken four times: the first during dry period, the second, third and fourth were withdrawn at the beginning, on the peak and at the end of lactation period. Results showed increased lipomobilization activity after calving caused on the one hand by growing requirements in metabolites for milk synthesis and on the other hand by inadequate dietary supply with metabolic energy. Highly significant increase of the content of triacylglycerols, total and esterified cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids in blood of dairy cows was revealed. On the peak and at the end of lactation the level of indicated substances in blood gradually decreased. Influence of the period of the animals maintenance on lipid metabolism was established. For instance, after calving and on the peak of lactation serum levels of triacylglycerols, esterifies cholesterol and non-estherified fatty acids were significantly higher in comparison with such under the same physiological states but during grazing period of maintenance. 

Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine M. Sordillo ◽  
G. A. Contreras ◽  
Stacey L. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

AbstractDairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of disease during the periparturient period. Increased health disorders have been associated with alterations in bovine immune mechanisms. Many different aspects of the bovine immune system change during the periparturient period, but uncontrolled inflammation is a dominant factor in several economically important disorders such as metritis and mastitis. In human medicine, the metabolic syndrome is known to trigger several key events that can initiate and promote uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Altered lipid metabolism, increased circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and oxidative stress are significant contributing factors to systemic inflammation and the development of inflammatory-based diseases in humans. Dairy cows undergo similar metabolic adaptations during the onset of lactation, and it was postulated that some of these physiological events may negatively impact the magnitude and duration of inflammation. This review will discuss how certain types of fatty acids may promote uncontrolled inflammation either directly or through metabolism into potent lipid mediators. The relationship of increased lipid metabolism and oxidative stress to inflammatory dysfunction will be reviewed as well. Understanding more about the underlying cause of periparturient health disorders may facilitate the design of nutritional regimens that will meet the energy requirements of cows during early lactation and reduce the susceptibility to disease as a function of compromised inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Role of lipids on elongation of the preimplantation conceptus in ruminants

Reproduction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. R115-R126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo S Ribeiro ◽  
José E P Santos ◽  
William W Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Trophectoderm Cells ◽  
Conceptus Development ◽  
Elongation Phase

Elongation of the preimplantation conceptus is a prerequisite for successful pregnancy in ruminants and depends on histotroph secretion by the endometrium. Lipids are an essential component of the histotroph, and recent studies indicate that lipids have important roles in the elongation phase of conceptus development. The onset of elongation is marked by dynamic changes in the transcriptome of trophectoderm cells, which are associated with lipid metabolism. During elongation, the trophectoderm increases transcript expression of genes related to uptake, metabolism andde novobiosynthesis of fatty acids and prostaglandins. Expression of the genePPARGincreases substantially, and activation of the transcription factor PPARG by binding of lipid ligands appears to be crucial for the coordination of cell biology during elongation. Lipids accumulated in the epithelial cells of the endometrium during diestrus are likely the most important source of fatty acids for utilization by the conceptus and become available in the uterine lumen through exporting of exosomes, microvesicles, carrier proteins and lipoproteins. Targeting of uterine lipid metabolism and PPARG activity during preimplantation conceptus development through nutraceutical diets may be a good strategy to improve pregnancy survival and reproductive efficiency in ruminants.

scholarly journals Fine metabolic regulation in ruminants via nutrient–gene interactions: saturated long-chain fatty acids increase expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune response partly through PPAR-α activation

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Bionaz ◽  
Betsy J. Thering ◽  
Juan J. Loor
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Gene Network Analysis ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Madin–Darby Bovine Kidney cells cultured with 150 μm of Wy-14 643 (WY, PPARα agonist) or twelve long-chain fatty acids (LCFA; 16 : 0, 18 : 0, cis-9–18 : 1, trans-10–18 : 1, trans-11–18 : 1, 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 3n-3, cis-9, trans-11–18 : 2, trans-10, cis-12–18 : 2, 20 : 0, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3) were used to uncover PPAR-α target genes and determine the effects of LCFA on expression of thirty genes with key functions in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Among fifteen known PPAR-α targets in non-ruminants, ten had greater expression with WY, suggesting that they are bovine PPAR-α targets. The expression of SPP1 and LPIN3 was increased by WY, with no evidence of a similar effect in the published literature, suggesting that both represent bovine-specific PPAR-α targets. We observed the strongest effect on the expression of PPAR-α targets with 16 : 0, 18 : 0 and 20 : 5n-3.When considering the overall effect on expression of the thirty selected genes 20 : 5n-3, 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 had the greatest effect followed by 20 : 0 and c9t11–18 : 2. Gene network analysis indicated an overall increase in lipid metabolism by WY and all LCFA with a central role of PPAR-α but also additional putative transcription factors. A greater increase in the expression of inflammatory genes was observed with 16 : 0 and 18 : 0. Among LCFA, 20 : 5n-3, 16 : 0 and 18 : 0 were the most potent PPAR-α agonists. They also affected the expression of non-PPAR-α targets, eliciting an overall increase in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, signalling and inflammatory response. Data appear to highlight a teleological evolutionary adaptation of PPAR in ruminants to cope with the greater availability of saturated rather than unsaturated LCFA.

scholarly journals Reproductive performance of dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacper Libera ◽  
Jan Włodarek ◽  
Ewelina Warzych ◽  
Adam Cieślak ◽  
Małgorzata Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Biological Properties

AbstractThe aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (FAs), and to recommend a feeding schedule that can increase the success rate in reproduction. Dietary supplementation with fat, especially FA, has become an accepted strategy for supporting the fertility of high-yielding dairy cows. The two main categories of FAs, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), exert distinct effects on reproductive functions, with UFA having a conclusively beneficial impact. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are of particular importance on account of their biological properties. Standard feedstuffs (such as soybean) are rich in n-6 FAs, whereas few feedstuffs contain n-3 FAs. Neither the n-3 nor n-6 PUFAs are synthetized by the animal. Several field experiments have indicated that the recommended schedule of n-3 supplementation should last 160–170 days, from the eighth week before calving to 100 or 120 day postpartum. Supplementation of the diet thus covers the period from the late preantral stage of the follicle, the entire development of the antrum, oocyte ovulation, and fertilization, as well as the development of the preattachment embryo and its implantation. The following effects are among the important beneficial results of supplementation with n-3 FAs: a higher number of antral follicles suitable for ovum pick-up (OPU), larger dominant follicles and corresponding CL, better quality oocytes and embryos, and higher implantation rates resulting from improved uterine environment (e.g., reduced synthesis of luteolytic PGF2α). We conclude that dietary supplementation for high-yielding dairy cows with n-3 FAs supports ovarian functions and helps the embryo to survive in the adverse environment of the reproductive tract of the postpartum cow.

scholarly journals Antioxidants and dairy production: the example of flax

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (spe) ◽  
pp. 352-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ruminal Microbiota ◽  
Plant Lignans

This manuscript reports on the main problems decreasing productivity of dairy cows (e.g. fatty liver syndrome and poor fertility) and how antioxidants could enhance it. High producing dairy cows are prone to oxidative stress, and the situation can be exacerbated under certain environmental, physiological, and dietary conditions. Antioxidants have important effects on the expression of genes involved in the antioxidant status, which may enhance animal health and reproduction. Moreover, antioxidants may contribute to decrease the incidence of spontaneous oxidized flavour in milk enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Plant lignans are strong antioxidants and flax is the richest source of plant lignans. Flax lignans are converted in the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. The main mammalian lignan in milk is enterolactone and flax lignans are converted in enterolactone mainly under the action of ruminal microbiota. Therefore, ruminal microbiota may be the most important flora to target for plant lignan metabolism in order to increase concentration of mammalian lignan antioxidants in milk of dairy cows. However, more research is required to improve our knowledge on metabolism of other antioxidants in dairy cows and how they can contribute in decreasing milk oxidation.

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