Effect of increasing progesterone concentration from Day 3 of pregnancy on subsequent embryo survival and development in beef heifers

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Carter ◽  
N. Forde ◽  
P. Duffy ◽  
M. Wade ◽  
T. Fair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
Interferon Tau ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Higher systemic progesterone in the immediate post-conception period is associated with an increase in embryonic growth rate, interferon-tau production and pregnancy rate in cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing progesterone concentration on Day 3 on subsequent embryo survival and development. Oestrus (Day 0) was synchronised in beef-cross heifers (n = 210) and approximately two-thirds of the heifers were inseminated with semen from a proven sire, while the remainder were not inseminated. In order to produce animals with divergent progesterone concentrations, half of the animals received a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) on Day 3 of the oestrous cycle, which was left in situ until slaughter. The four treatment groups were: (i) pregnant, high progesterone; (ii) pregnant, normal progesterone; (iii) non-pregnant, high progesterone; and (iv) non-pregnant, normal progesterone. Animals were blood-sampled twice daily from Days 0 to 8 and once daily thereafter until slaughter on Days 5, 7, 13 or 16, corresponding to the 16-cell stage, the blastocyst stage, the beginning of elongation and the day of maternal recognition of pregnancy, respectively. Embryos were recovered by flushing the tract with phosphate-buffered saline and characterised by stage of development and, in the case of Days 13 and 16, measured. Data were analysed by mixed models ANOVA, Chi-square analysis and Student’s t-test where appropriate. Insertion of a PRID on Day 3 increased (P < 0.05) progesterone concentrations from Day 3.5 onwards. There was no difference between treatments in the proportion of embryos at the expected stage of development on Days 5 or 7 (P > 0.05). While not significantly different, the proportion of viable embryos recovered was numerically greater in the high progesterone group on both Day 13 (58 v. 43%) and Day 16 (90 v. 50%). Elevation of progesterone significantly increased embryonic length on Day 13 (2.24 ± 0.51 mm v. 1.15 ± 0.16 mm, P = 0.034) and Day 16 (14.06 ± 1.18 cm v. 5.97 ± 1.18 cm, P = 0.012). In conclusion, insertion of a PRID on Day 3 of the oestrous cycle increased serum progesterone concentrations on subsequent days, which, while having no phenotypic effect on embryonic development on Days 5 or 7, was associated with an increase in embryonic size on Days 13 and 16.

scholarly journals Effect of microinjection of CRISPR / Cas9 components in plasmid form on the development of rabbit embryos during in vitro culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Koloskova ◽  
◽  
V.A. Ezerskii ◽  
T.P. Trubitsina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Genetic Construct ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Rabbit Embryos

The survival rate of rabbit embryos microinjected by the plasmid form of CRISPR/Cas9 components specific to the sour whey protein gene was evaluated. At high concentrations of plasmid components, embryo survival decreased slightly, possibly because the WAP gene does not belong to the housekeeping genes. After microinjection of a genetic construct with a sequence of green fluorescent protein under a cytomegalovirus promoter, the embryo survival significantly decreased. This is most likely due to the superexpression of GFP at the 2-16 cell stage of development.

134 EFFECT OF ELEVATED CIRCULATING PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO PRODUCED BOVINE ZYGOTES IN VIVO

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rings ◽  
F. Carter ◽  
M. Hölker ◽  
A. Kuzmany ◽  
U. Besenfelder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Interferon Tau ◽  
Endoscopic Techniques ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Elevated concentrations of circulating progesterone in the immediate post-conception period have been associated with an increase in embryonic growth rate, interferon-tau production, and pregnancy rate in cattle and sheep. Much of this effect is likely mediated via downstream effects of progesterone-induced changes in gene expression in the tissues of the uterus. However, whether or not progesterone has a direct effect on the embryo also is unknown and, at least in vivo, in single ovulating animals, is difficult to assess. Using state-of-the-art endoscopic techniques, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of elevated progesterone on the development of IVP zygotes transferred to the oviducts of cattle with high or normal circulating progesterone concentrations. Simmental heifers (n = 14) were synchronized using a combination of 2 injections of a prostaglandin F2α analogue administered 11 days apart and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Only animals exhibiting a clear standing oestrus (= day 0) were used. In order to produce animals with divergent progesterone concentrations, half of the animals received a PRID on day 3 of the oestrous cycle, which was left in place until embryo recovery. All animals were blood sampled daily from days 0 to 7. Cleaved embryos were transferred using endoscopy to the ipsilateral oviduct of each recipient on day 2 and recovered by non-surgically flushing the oviduct and the uterus on day 7. The number of embryos developing to the morula/blastocyst stage was recorded at recovery and following overnight culture in CR1aa medium. Data were analyzed by chi-square analysis. Insertion of a PRID on day 3 resulted in a significant elevation in progesterone concentrations from day 4 (2.36 ± 0.16 ng mL–1 v. 0.54 ± 0.10 ng mL–1, P < 0.001) until day 6 (1.98 ± 0.22 ng mL–1 v. 0.95 ± 0.17 ng mL–1; P < 0.01). The recovery rate was lower in animals that received a PRID (P < 0.05). However, there was no effect of progesterone on the proportion of embryos developing to the morula/blastocyst stage. These results suggest that elevated concentrations of progesterone do not affect the ability of the early embryo to reach the blastocyst stage in vivo and that the reported positive effect of high progesterone levels in terms of fertility are manifested after day 8. Table 1. Effect of elevated progesterone concentration on development of in vitro produced bovine zygotes in vivo

Effects of pre- and post-mating nutritional status on hepatic function, progesterone concentration, uterine protein secretion and embryo survival in Meishan pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Ashworth ◽  
L. Beattie ◽  
C. Antipatis
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival

This experiment examined whether the pre- or the post-mating diet had greater impact on embryo survival in Meishan gilts. Gilts received either a maintenance (1.15 kg day −1 ; n=12) or a high (3.5 kg day −1 ; n=12) diet during the oestrous cycle preceding mating. After mating, half the animals in each group received either the maintenance or the high diet until slaughter on Day 12. Gilts fed the high pre-mating diet had more corpora lutea (22.7 v.19.0, SED = 0.98; P<0.001), increased embryo survival (95.5% v.74.8%, SED=7.58; P<0.01) and heavier corpora lutea (−0.71 log g v.−0.90 log g, SED=0.09; P=0.07) compared with gilts fed the maintenance diet prior to mating. The post-mating diet had no effect on embryo survival. There were no treatment effects on blastocyst developmental stage, luteal surface area or progesterone release. Gilts receiving the high post-mating diet had heavier livers than those fed the maintenance post-mating diet (1.45 v.1.08% of total bodyweight, SED=0.07; P<0.001), suggesting that these gilts have a greater capacity to metabolize progesterone. Pre-mating nutritional status therefore appears to be a greater determinant of embryo numbers and survival than the post-mating diet.

Effect of feeding level on luteal function and progesterone concentration in the vena cava during early pregnancy in gilts

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Z. Athorn ◽  
P. Stott ◽  
E. G. Bouwman ◽  
T. Y. Chen ◽  
D. J. Kennaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

This study assessed the effect of feeding level on progesterone concentration in the caudal vena cava during early pregnancy in gilts. Twenty-four Landrace gilts were allocated to either a high (2.8±0.02) or a low (1.5±0.01kg day–1) feeding level at Day 0 of pregnancy. Serial blood samples were collected every 15min for 3h before and 3h after feeding on Days 6 and 9 of pregnancy. Embryo survival and development as well as in vitro luteal progesterone production were assessed at Day 10 of pregnancy. Progesterone concentration in the vena cava was pulsatile with gilts on the high feeding level having more pulses compared with Low gilts on Day 9 of pregnancy (P&lt;0.05). On Day 6 the number of pulses did not differ significantly between treatments; however, the average progesterone concentration in the vena cava tended to be higher in the gilts on the high feeding level (P&lt;0.10). Embryo survival at Day 10 was 92±3% for High gilts compared with 77±3% for Low gilts (P&lt;0.05). No difference in embryo development between the treatments was seen. There was no difference between treatments in in vitro secretion of progesterone by luteal tissue. In conclusion, a high plane of nutrition positively affects progesterone secretion by the ovaries in early pregnancy.

scholarly journals Effect of divergent selection for uterine capacity on embryonic survival and development at 30 h post-mating in unilaterally ovariectomized rabbit females

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Peiro ◽  
M. Gallego ◽  
A. Blasco ◽  
M.A. Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Divergent Selection ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Embryonic Survival ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Line ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Selection For

<p>Uterine capacity has been proposed as an indirect way to increase litter size. The aim of this work is to study the effect of a divergent selection for uterine capacity (UC) on reproductive traits at 30 h post mating in unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) females. A total of 62 ULO females from the high line (selected to increase UC) and 39 ULO females from the low line (selected to decrease UC) were used. Ovulation rate was estimated as the number of corpora haemorrhagica and early embryonic survival was estimated as the ratio between number of embryos and ovulation rate. No differences in ovulation rate and early embryonic survival at 30 h post mating were found between high and low lines. Selection for UC did not change the embryonic stage of development either, the majority of embryos being at 4-cell stage. Additionally, the embryos were evaluated according to morphological criteria and more than 95% of the embryos were evaluated as good or fair quality. No differences in embryonic morphological criteria between high and low lines were found either. Thus, selection for UC did not modify the early embryonic survival and development in ULO females at 30 h post mating.</p>

Effect of an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on progesterone concentrations and embryo survival in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Ashworth ◽  
I. Wilmut ◽  
A. J. Springbett ◽  
R. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Silicone Elastomer ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Progesterone Production ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The effect of an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on peripheral progesterone concentration during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and on embryo survival was determined in sheep. Following administration of 10, 50, 100 or 250 mg epostane (4,5-epoxy-17-hydroxy-4,17,dimethyl-3-oxo-androstane-2-carbonitrile) progesterone concentrations were significantly lower than control levels 4 h after injection, from 2·5 to 22 h, 1·5 to 24 h and 1 to 24 h after injection respectively. There appeared to be no effect on peripheral oestradiol concentrations. Adrenal progesterone production was small and not influenced by epostane treatment. Epostane was administered on day 9 of the oestrous cycle to cause a reduction in progesterone concentrations for approximately 12-18 h on day 9 only (group 1, 250 mg epostane on day 9), or a series of such reductions on 3 consecutive days (group 2, 50 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11) or a continuous reduction for 3 days (group 3, 250 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11). The proportion of ewes that were pregnant was significantly (P<0·05) lower in ewes treated to give a continuously low progesterone concentration for 3 days than in either controls or ewes in which progesterone concentration was reduced for less than 24 h (in controls and groups 1, 2 and 3 the proportion was 85, 92, 54 and 18% of ewes treated respectively). Embryo survival was not affected by administration of 250 mg epostane on days 9, 10 and 11 if luteal phase levels of progesterone were maintained by insertion of a silicone elastomer implant of the steroid. The proportion of embryos surviving was 72% in controls compared with 78% in the treated animals. J. Endocr. (1987) 112, 205–213

4 THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE Suv39h2 ADOPTS A NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION DURING CLEAVAGE DEVELOPMENT IN PARTHENOGENETIC PORCINE EMBRYOS

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
C. M. Johnson ◽  
R. A. Cabot
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Histone Methyltransferase ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Successful cleavage development of mammalian embryos requires precise activation and repression of transcription. Covalent modifications to histone proteins, such as methylation and acetylation, play a key role in transcriptional regulation. In particular, dimethylation of the lysine 9 residue of histone protein H3 (H3K9) results in gene silencing and heterochromatin formation. Our lab has previously shown that transcripts encoding the five histone methyltransferases known to methylate H3K9 (Suv39h1, Suv39h2, ESET, G9a, and EHMT1) are present in different amounts during oocyte maturation and cleavage development. Specifically, Suv39h2 is in the greatest abundance in GV and metaphase II stage oocytes and is also present throughout cleavage development. The aim of this study was to determine the localization of Suv39h2 protein in the GV-stage oocyte and pronuclear, 2 cell, and 4 cell stage parthenogenetic porcine embryos. We hypothesized that Suv39h2 protein would localize to the nucleus based on its high transcript abundance throughout cleavage development. To test this hypothesis, we performed a microinjection experiment in which mRNA encoding a porcine Suv39h2-GFP fusion protein was injected into metaphase II porcine oocytes. Porcine oocytes were matured in a defined medium (TCM-199 supplemented with 0.1% PVA, 0.069 mg mL–1 cysteine, 10 ng mL–1 EGF, 0.5 IU mL–1 LH and FSH) for 42 to 44 h at 39°C in 5% CO2, then denuded of cumulus cells just before microinjection. Two separate treatment groups were microinjected intracytoplasmically with 1 μg μL–1 GFP or Suv39h2-GFP mRNA, respectively. Microinjection was performed using a FemtoJet microinjector (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The treatment groups and non-injected controls were electroactivated independently and cultured in PZM medium supplemented with 3 mg mL–1 BSA for 12 (pronuclear), 24 (2 cell), or 48 (4 cell) hours at 39°C in 5% CO2, depending on desired stage of development. Before visualization under UV light, embryos were stained with Hoechst 33342 for 15 minutes. Oocytes and embryos were analyzed for GFP expression at the GV, pronuclear, 2 and 4 cell stages of development using epifluorescence microscopy. Two to four biological replicates were performed for each stage of embryo development. We found that Suv39h2-GFP protein showed nuclear localization in most GV-stage oocytes (n = 11/14) and pronuclear (n = 17/17), 2-cell (n = 34/36), and 4-cell (n = 9/9) stage embryos. Chi square analysis revealed this pattern to be different from that observed in embryos injected with GFP mRNA, where GFP did not display nuclear localization at any stage of development (n = 12; P < 0.05). These results indicate that Suv39h2 is localized in the nucleus of oocytes and cleaved embryos, which suggests that this histone methyltransferase plays an important role in methylating H3K9.

156 OVIDUCTAL FLUID SUPPLEMENTATION DURING MATURATION AND FERTILIZATION IMPROVES IN VITRO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN PIGS

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
A. Goldacker ◽  
E. Winn ◽  
J. Z. Current ◽  
B. D. Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fluid Supplementation ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Oviducal fluid has a major role in the maturation of gametes and the process of fertilization. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oviducal fluid supplementation in vitro, during oocyte maturation and IVF on fertilization characteristics and early embryonic development rates. Oocytes from aspired aspirated mature follicles (3–6 mm diameter) were obtained from a local abattoir. During the last 24 h of maturation, oocytes (n = 1303) were placed into maturation media supplemented either 1% (vol/vol) or 5% (vol/vol) thawed snap-frozen oviducal fluid. Fertilization was performed using pooled frozen-thawed semen from 3 different boars. During IVF, the fertilization medium was supplemented with 1% (vol/vol) or 5% (vol/vol) oviducal fluid. Fertilization characteristics were evaluated 12 h after IVF and rates of embryonic cleavage and blastocyst development were observed at 48 and 144 h after IVF, respectively. Data were analysed using ANOVA with the main effects including treatment, well, and replicate. Chi-square analysis was used to determine percentages of embryos reaching the different developmental stages for each treatment. There were no significant differences in the percentages of oocytes that reached metaphase II by the end of maturation or in sperm penetration rates after IVF. However, oocytes treated with 1% (vol/vol) oviducal fluid during the end of maturation and IVF (33.33 ± 2.61) and 5% (vol/vol) oviducal fluid during maturation (33.33 ± 2.66) or IVF (39.53 ± 3.78) had significantly less (P < 0.05) incidence of polyspermic penetrations and a significantly higher (P < 0.05) incidence of male pronuclear formation (87.50 ± 4.01; 86.67 ± 4.83; 86.05 ± 3.19, respectively) compared with no oviducal fluid supplementation. Oocytes supplemented with 5% (vol/vol) oviducal fluid during maturation and IVF had significantly lower (P < 0.05) incidences of polyspermic penetration (27.91 ± 2.50) and significantly higher (P < 0.05) percentages of embryos reaching the 2-cell stage (81.76 ± 3.72) and blastocyst stage of development (37.74 ± 1.09) by 48 and 144 h, respectively, compared with all other groups. The results of this study suggest that supplementing 5% (vol/vol) oviducal fluid during maturation and IVF improves the success rates of in vitro embryo development in pigs.

Serum Endocrine Profile in Relation to Estrus Synchronization in Surti Does

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Chaudhary ◽  
C. T. Khasatiya ◽  
S. B. Patel ◽  
S. S. Chaudhary ◽  
V. B. Atara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Endocrine Profile ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
And Control

The serum progesterone and estradiol profiles during synchronization of estrus by buck effect and PGF2α treatments were monitored in Surti does. Total eighteen non-pregnant does selected were evenly divided into 3 groups, 6 does in each group. The does of Group I were teased with a sexuallyactive- apronized buck; and those of Group II were treated with PGF2α, i.e., Inj. Lutalyse® @ 7.5 mg/doe IM twice 11 days apart, while the Group III served as untreated control. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 0 (before 1st PGF2α injection), 3rd day (during treatment), 11th day (before 2nd PGF2α injection), 14th day (after treatment) and 40th day (post-service) by jugular vein puncture. The serum separated was stored at -20°C till further analysis. In all the three groups, 83.33% does, conceived at first service in the sampling cycle. The overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Group I does (5.82±0.72 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) as compared to Group II (2.93±0.38 ng/ml) and III (2.88±0.30 ng/ml). Similarly, the overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Surti does on day 0 (2.65±0.46 ng/ml), 3rd (2.56±0.80 ng/ml), 11th (4.45±0.84 ng/ml) and 14th (3.40±0.63 ng/ml) did not differ significantly, but the overall mean level at day 40 (6.31±0.45 ng/ml) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher, because most of animals became pregnant at that time. The overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Group I (24.40±2.98 pg/ ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in Group II (15.77±1.77 pg/ml) and III (12.21±1.45 pg/ ml). On the other hand, the overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Surti does on day 0 (12.89±1.21 pg/ml), 3rd (15.84±1.74 pg/ml), 11th (14.81±1.96 pg/ml), 14th (22.15±2.97 pg/ml) and 40th (21.64±5.16 pg/ml) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and the slightly higher overall mean level found at 40th day might be the influence of the non-pregnant does at first service in the cumulative animals. The hormonal profile reflected the initiation of cyclicity and establishment of pregnancy in treated and control animals.

scholarly journals Expression Profiles of the Progesterone Receptor, Cyclooxygenase-2, Growth Differentiation Factor 9, and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 Transcripts in the Canine Oviducts during the Oestrous Cycle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Jaime Palomino ◽  
Javiera Flores ◽  
Georges Ramirez ◽  
Victor H. Parraguez ◽  
Monica De los Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Growth Differentiation Factor 9 ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 15 ◽  
Cox 2

The gene expression in the canine oviduct, where oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development occur, is still elusive. This study determined the oviductal expression of (PR), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9), and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) during the canine oestrous cycle. Samples were collected from bitches at anoestrus (9), proestrus (7), oestrus (8), and dioestrus (11), after routine ovariohysterectomy and the ovarian surface structures and plasma progesterone concentration evaluated the physiological status of each donor. The oviductal cells were isolated and pooled. Total RNA was isolated, and gene expression was assessed by qPCR followed by analysis using the t-test and ANOVA. The PR mRNA increased (P < 0.05) from the anoestrus to dioestrus with the plasma progesterone concentration (r = 0.8). COX-2 mRNA expression was low in the anoestrus and proestrus, and negligible in the oestrus, while it was around 10-fold higher (P < 0.05) in the dioestrus. The GDF-9 mRNA was expressed during all phases of the oestrous cycle and was most abundant (P < 0.05) during oestrus phase. The BMP-15 mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) in the anoestrus and proestrus phases. Thus, the transcripts were differentially expressed in a stage-dependent manner, suggesting the importance of oestrous cycle regulation for successful reproduction in dogs.

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