Maternal constraint influences muscle fibre development in fetal lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. McCoard ◽  
S. W. Peterson ◽  
W. C. McNabb ◽  
P. M. Harris ◽  
S. N. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Fibre Number

The objective was to examine myogenesis in two situations expected to be characterized by maternal constraint: (i) in fetuses due to be born in spring (n = 10) or autumn (n = 10); and (ii) in single (n = 16) and twin (n = 20) fetal lambs. Maternal constraint operating through limitation of placental size, as measured by placentome weight per fetus, was evident in each study. Although a lower placental weight did not inßuence body and muscle weights of fetuses due to be born in the spring or autumn, twins had lower body and muscle weights than singles. Fibre number and average bre cross-sectional (CS) area were differentially affected by season and fetal number. The differences in muscle bre morphology between spring- and autumn-born fetuses suggest that muscle bre development was inßuenced by maternal constraint in the absence of an effect on fetal weight. The differences in muscle bre number and CS area in particular muscles from twin and single fetuses suggest that more severe maternal constraint, reßected in a lower placental size per fetus, not only inßuences fetal weight but can also affect muscle development.

scholarly journals Number of conceptuses in utero affects porcine fetal muscle development

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Town ◽  
C T Putman ◽  
N J Turchinsky ◽  
W T Dixon ◽  
G R Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fetal Organ ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area

Unmodified, third parity, control sows (CTR; n = 30) or sows subjected to unilateral oviduct ligation before breeding (LIG; n = 30), were slaughtered at either day 30 or day 90 of gestation and used to determine the effects of numbers of conceptuses in utero on prenatal, and particularly muscle fibre, development. Ovulation rate, number of conceptuses in utero, placental and fetal size, and (day 90 sows) fetal organ and semitendinosus muscle development were recorded. Tubal ligation reduced (P < 0.05) the number of viable embryos at day 30 and fetuses at day 90. Placental weight at day 30 and day 90, and fetal weight at day 90, were lower (P < 0.05) in CTR sows. All body organs except the brain were lighter, and the brain:liver weight ratio was higher in CTR fetuses (P < 0.05), indicative of brain sparing and intrauterine growth restriction in fetuses from CTR sows. Muscle weight, muscle cross-sectional area and the total number of secondary fibres were also lower (P < 0.05) in CTR fetuses. The number of primary fibres, the secondary:primary muscle fibre ratio, and the distribution of myosin heavy chain-Iβ, -IIa, fetal and embryonic isoforms did not differ between groups. Thus, even the relatively modest uterine crowding occurring naturally in CTR sows negatively affected placental and fetal development and the number of secondary muscle fibres. Consequences of more extreme crowding in utero on fetal and postnatal development, resulting from changing patterns of early embryonic survival, merit further investigation.

Effect of maternal undernutrition in early gestation on the development of fetal myofibres in the guinea-pig

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Dwyer ◽  
AJ Madgwick ◽  
SS Ward ◽  
NC Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Ad Libitum

A 40% restriction in maternal feed intake throughout gestation in the guinea-pig results in a 35% reduction in fetal body weight at term and a 20-25% reduction in muscle fibre number. To investigate the effect of maternal undernutrition in early gestation, four nutritional treatments were used: controls-pregnant females fed ad libitum throughout gestation; TR-fed 60% ad libitum intake throughout gestation; ER-fed 60% ad libitum for the first third of gestation (until Day 25), then ad libitum to term; LR-fed ad libitum for the first 25 days, then 60% of ad libitum to term. The LR group were complicated by a high degree of fetal resorption and early littering of viable litters. The biceps brachii and soleus muscles were removed from neonates and total muscle fibre numbers determined. In a second experiment a further 8 pregnant guinea-pigs were fed 60% ad libitum until Day 15 of gestation only, and then rehabilitated onto an ad libitum diet (VER). Of these, 5 guinea-pigs were killed at term and the remaining 3 at 45 days gestation. Fetuses and placentae were obtained from all VER animals and compared with TR and controls of a similar age. Body weights were reduced in all restricted groups at term when compared with controls (P < 0.05) by 12, 40 and 50% for VER = ER, TR and LR groups, respectively. Biceps fibre number was reduced (P < 0.05) in ER, TR and LR groups by 28, 20 and 25%, respectively, but was not affected in the VER group. Soleus fibre number was not significantly affected by any nutritional treatment. Restriction for 15 days in early gestation caused a significant 20% increase in fetal weight at 45 days' gestation compared with controls, but muscle and placental weights were not affected. Analysis of placental components at Days 45 and 65 suggested that underfeeding in early gestation and subsequent refeeding caused some placental adaptations to increase the exchange-surface area. A short period of maternal undernutrition in the first third of gestation alone (ER), therefore, resulted in a biceps brachii fibre number deficit similar to that caused by restriction throughout gestation only if the period of restriction extended as far as Day 25. Furthermore, fetal weight at term was impaired by short-term nutritional restriction in early gestation. Restriction in the last two-thirds of gestation, following an ad libitum diet in the first third, caused a reduction in biceps fibre number and had a severe effect on the maintenance of pregnancy. It is probable that undernutrition in early gestation had an indirect effect on muscle fibre number by affecting the development of the placenta. This could be avoided by nutritional rehabilitation before Day 25 of gestation, but appeared to be permanent thereafter. Undernutrition after Day 25 may have had a direct effect on the development of secondary fibres.

scholarly journals Measures Derived from Panoramic Ultrasonography and Animal-Based Protein Intake Are Related to Muscular Performance in Middle-Aged Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Nathaniel R. Johnson ◽  
Christopher J. Kotarsky ◽  
Kyle J. Hackney ◽  
Kara A. Trautman ◽  
Nathan D. Dicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscular Performance ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

Ultrasonography advantageously measures skeletal muscle size and quality, but some muscles may be too large to capture with standardized brightness mode (B-mode) imaging. Panoramic ultrasonography can capture more complete images and may more accurately measure muscle size. We investigated measurements made using panoramic compared to B-mode ultrasonography images of the rectus femoris with muscular performance. Concurrently, protein intake plays an important role in preventing sarcopenia; therefore, we also sought to investigate the association between animal-based protein intake (ABPI) and muscular performance. Ninety-one middle-aged adults were recruited. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness were obtained using B-mode and panoramic ultrasound and analyzed with Image J software. Muscular performance was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry, a 30-s chair test, and handgrip strength. Three-day food diaries estimated dietary intakes. Linear regression models determined relationships between measures from ultrasonography and muscular performance. Mixed linear models were used to evaluate the association between ABPI and muscular performance. Muscle CSA from panoramic ultrasonography and ABPI were positively associated with lower-body strength (β ± S.E.; CSA, 42.622 ± 20.024, p = 0.005; ABPI, 65.874 ± 19.855, p = 0.001), lower-body endurance (β ± S.E.; CSA, 595 ± 200.221, p = 0.001; ABPI, 549.944 ± 232.478, p = 0.020), and handgrip strength (β ± S.E.; CSA, 6.966 ± 3.328, p = 0.004; ABPI, 0.349 ± 0.171, p = 0.045). Panoramic ultrasound shows promise as a method for assessing sarcopenia. ABPI is related to better muscular performance.

scholarly journals Early life undernutrition in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bedi ◽  
A. R. Birzgalis ◽  
M. Mahon ◽  
J. L. Smart ◽  
A. C. Wareham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Proportion ◽  
Fibre Number

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.

Relationship between fetal weight and placenta

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-250
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Subsequent Birth ◽  
Mathematical Formulas

The relation of fetal and placental weight under different conditions was studied by Westermark on a material of 20,000 cases, using mathematical formulas, and he came to the following conclusions: fetal weight is less at first birth than at subsequent birth and is independent of the age of the mother; the placenta of full-term fetuses weighs on average 644.0 in boys and 657.0 in girls; the ratio of placental to fetal weight in boys is 1: 5.47, in girls 1:5.17; fetal weight arrives faster than placenta weight; the number determining the proportion between fetal weight and placenta weight increases with maternal age, but is independent of the number of former pregnancies; it is greater in twins.

Uterine crowding in the sow affects litter sex ratio, placental development and embryonic myogenin expression in early gestation

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-Y. Tse ◽  
S. C. Town ◽  
G. K. Murdoch ◽  
S. Novak ◽  
M. K. Dyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Fetal Muscle

Uterine crowding in the pig results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and permanently affects fetal muscle fibre development, representing production losses for the commercial pig herd. The present study sought to understand how different levels of uterine crowding in sows affects muscle fibre development in the early embryo at the time of muscle fibre differentiation and proliferation. Sows either underwent surgical, unilateral oviduct ligation (LIG; n = 10) to reduce the number of embryos in the uterus, or remained as intact, relatively-crowded controls (CTR; n = 10). Embryos and placentae were collected at Day 30 of gestation, and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) transcript abundance was determined using real-time PCR for both myogenin (MYOG) and myoblast differentiation 1 (MYOD1). Unilateral tubal ligation resulted in lower numbers of embryos in utero, higher placental weights and a higher male : female sex ratio (P < 0.05). Relative MYOD1 expression was not different, but MYOG expression was higher (P < 0.05) in the LIG group embryos; predominantly due to effects on the male embryos. Relatively modest uterine crowding therefore affects MRF expression, even at very early stages of embryonic development, and could contribute to reported differences in fetal muscle fibre development, birthweight and thus post-natal growth performance in swine.

Sources of variation in myofibre number within and between litters of pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Dwyer ◽  
N. C. Stickland
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Fibre Number ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Secondary Fibre

ABSTRACTA study of the determinants of inter- and intra-litter variation in muscle fibre number was carried out on five litters of Large White piglets. Fresh frozen, whole mid-belly sections of m. semitendinosus were stained to demonstrate acid-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity. From these sections it was possible to identify which fibres had developed as primary and which as secondary fibres. Estimations of total muscle fibre number, total primary fibre number and ratio of secondary fibres to primary fibres were made for each animal. Results demonstrated that primary fibre number varied between litters (P<0·01) and was responsible for the variation in total muscle fibre number (P < 005) between litters since there was no significant variation in secondary: primary ratio. Within-litter differences in total fibre number could be attributed to both the secondary: primary ratio and primary fibre number, in almost equal contributions. However, when only the largest and smallest extremes of the litters were compared, variation in fibre number was due to the significant difference in the secondary: primary ratio (P<0·01). Taken as a whole, the results appear to show that primary fibre number is responsible for all the variation in muscle fibre number between litters, and also makes a significant contribution, with secondary: primary fibre ratio, to the variation present within a litter. The factors responsible for variations in primary and secondary fibre numbers are discussed.

scholarly journals SLCV–a supervised learning—computer vision combined strategy for automated muscle fibre detection in cross-sectional images

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7053
Author(s):  
Anika Rettig ◽  
Tobias Haase ◽  
Alexandr Pletnyov ◽  
Benjamin Kohl ◽  
Wolfgang Ertel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reconstruction Error ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Dice Similarity Coefficient ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Combined Strategy

Muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) is an important biomedical measure used to determine the structural composition of skeletal muscle, and it is relevant for tackling research questions in many different fields of research. To date, time consuming and tedious manual delineation of muscle fibres is often used to determine the CSA. Few methods are able to automatically detect muscle fibres in muscle fibre cross-sections to quantify CSA due to challenges posed by variation of brightness and noise in the staining images. In this paper, we introduce the supervised learning-computer vision combined pipeline (SLCV), a robust semi-automatic pipeline for muscle fibre detection, which combines supervised learning (SL) with computer vision (CV). SLCV is adaptable to different staining methods and is quickly and intuitively tunable by the user. We are the first to perform an error analysis with respect to cell count and area, based on which we compare SLCV to the best purely CV-based pipeline in order to identify the contribution of SL and CV steps to muscle fibre detection. Our results obtained on 27 fluorescence-stained cross-sectional images of varying staining quality suggest that combining SL and CV performs significantly better than both SL-based and CV-based methods with regards to both the cell separation- and the area reconstruction error. Furthermore, applying SLCV to our test set images yielded fibre detection results of very high quality, with average sensitivity values of 0.93 or higher on different cluster sizes and an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.9778.

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