Uterine crowding in the sow affects litter sex ratio, placental development and embryonic myogenin expression in early gestation

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-Y. Tse ◽  
S. C. Town ◽  
G. K. Murdoch ◽  
S. Novak ◽  
M. K. Dyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Fetal Muscle

Uterine crowding in the pig results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and permanently affects fetal muscle fibre development, representing production losses for the commercial pig herd. The present study sought to understand how different levels of uterine crowding in sows affects muscle fibre development in the early embryo at the time of muscle fibre differentiation and proliferation. Sows either underwent surgical, unilateral oviduct ligation (LIG; n = 10) to reduce the number of embryos in the uterus, or remained as intact, relatively-crowded controls (CTR; n = 10). Embryos and placentae were collected at Day 30 of gestation, and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) transcript abundance was determined using real-time PCR for both myogenin (MYOG) and myoblast differentiation 1 (MYOD1). Unilateral tubal ligation resulted in lower numbers of embryos in utero, higher placental weights and a higher male : female sex ratio (P < 0.05). Relative MYOD1 expression was not different, but MYOG expression was higher (P < 0.05) in the LIG group embryos; predominantly due to effects on the male embryos. Relatively modest uterine crowding therefore affects MRF expression, even at very early stages of embryonic development, and could contribute to reported differences in fetal muscle fibre development, birthweight and thus post-natal growth performance in swine.

Lmod3 promotes myoblast differentiation and proliferation via the AKT and ERK pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 396 (2) ◽  
pp. 112297
Author(s):  
Fei-Hu Lin ◽  
Anmin Wang ◽  
Wuhou Dai ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Yahui Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

197 DOES DURATION OF BOVINE OOCYTE MATURATION IN VITRO AFFECT THE SPEED OF EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO AND SEX RATIO AT THE TWO-CELL OR BLASTOCYST STAGE?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
P. Bermejo-Álvarez ◽  
A. Gutiérrez-Adán ◽  
P. Lonergan ◽  
D. Rizos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Maturation In Vitro ◽  
Maturational Stage ◽  
Development In Vitro ◽  
Oviduct Fluid

The faster-developing blastocysts in IVC systems are generally considered more viable and better able to survive following cryopreservation or embryo transfer than those that develop more slowly. However, evidence from several species indicates that embryos that reach the blastocyst stage earliest are more likely to be males than females. The aim of this study was to determine whether the duration of maturation could affect early embryo development and, furthermore, the sex ratio of early- or late-cleaved embryos and blastocysts. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were matured in vitro for 16 h (n = 2198) or 24 h (n = 2204). Following IVF, presumptive zygotes from each group were examined every 4 h between 24 and 48 h postinsemination (hpi) for cleavage, and all embryos were cultured to Day 8 in synthetic oviduct fluid to assess blastocyst development. Two-cell embryos at each time point and blastocysts on Days 6, 7, and 8 from both groups were snap-frozen individually for sexing. Sexing was performed with a single PCR using a specific primer BRY. There was a significantly lower number of cleaved embryos from the 16-h compared with the 24-h maturation group at 28 (10.0 � 1.51 v. 28.8 � 3.57%), 32 (35.3 � 1.48 v. 57.6 � 3.33%), 36 (54.8 � 1.76 v. 67.4 � 2.81%), 40 (63.3 � 1.82 v. 72.0 � 2.54%), and 48 (70.6 � 1.78 v. 77.1 � 2.18%) hpi, respectively (mean � SEM; P d 0.05). However, the blastocyst yields on Day 6 (17.1 � 3.11 v. 16.4 � 2.11%), 7 (30.6 � 4.10 v. 34.6 � 3.51%), or 8 (34.1 � 3.90 v. 39.4 � 4.26%) were similar for both groups (mean � SEM; 16 v. 24 h, respectively). Significantly more 2-cell early cleaved embryos (up to 32 hpi) were male compared with the expected 1:1 ratio from both groups (16 h: 1.24:0.76 v. 24 h: 1.17:0.83, P ≤ 0.05); however, the overall sex ratio among 2-cell embryos was significantly different from the expected 1:1 in favor of males only for the 16-h group (1.18:0.82, P ≤ 0.05). The sex ratio of blastocysts on Day 6, 7, or 8 from both groups was not different from the expected 1:1. However, the total number of male blastocysts obtained after 8 days of culture from the 24-h group was significantly different from the expected 1:1 (1.19:0.81, P ≤ 0.05) and approached significance in the 16-h group. These results show that the maturational stage of the oocyte at the time of fertilization has an effect on the kinetics of early cleavage divisions but not on blastocyst yield. Furthermore, irrespective of the duration of maturation, the sex ratio of early-cleaving 2-cell embryos was weighted in favor of males, and this observation was maintained at the blastocyst stage.

scholarly journals Associations between preconception macronutrient intake and birth weight across strata of maternal BMI

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243200
Author(s):  
Nastaran Salavati ◽  
Marian K. Bakker ◽  
Fraser Lewis ◽  
Petra C. Vinke ◽  
Farya Mubarik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Maternal Bmi

Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked with birth outcomes including fetal growth, birth weight, congenital anomalies and long-term health through intra-uterine programming. However, a woman’s nutritional status before pregnancy is a strong determinant in early embryo-placental development, and subsequently outcomes for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake in the preconception period with birth weight. Methods We studied a group of 1698 women from the Dutch Perined-Lifelines linked birth cohort with reliable detailed information on preconception dietary macronutrient intake (using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and data available on birth weight of the offspring. Birth weight was converted into gestational age adjusted z-scores, and macronutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the nutrient residual method. Preconception BMI was converted into cohort-based quintiles. Multivariable linear regression was performed, adjusted for other macronutrients and covariates. Results Mean maternal age was 29.5 years (SD 3.9), preconception BMI: 24.7 kg/m2 (SD 4.2) and median daily energy intake was 1812 kcal (IQR 1544–2140). Mean birth weight was 3578 grams (SD 472). When adjusted for covariates, a significant association (adjusted z score [95% CI], P) between polysaccharides and birth weight was shown (0.08 [0.01–0.15], 0.03). When linear regression analyses were performed within cohort-based quintiles of maternal BMI, positive significant associations between total protein, animal protein, fat, total carbohydrates, mono-disaccharides and polysaccharides with birth weight were shown in the lowest quintile of BMI independent of energy intake, intake of other macronutrients and covariates. Conclusion Out of all macronutrients studied, polysaccharides showed the strongest association with birth weight, independent of energy intake and other covariates. Our study might suggest that specifically in women with low preconception BMI a larger amount of macronutrient intake was associated with increased birth weight. We recommend that any dietary assessment and advise during preconception should be customized to preconception weight status of the women.

scholarly journals Author Correction: Attenuation of autophagy impacts on muscle fibre development, starvation induced stress and fibre regeneration following acute injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Paolini ◽  
Saleh Omairi ◽  
Robert Mitchell ◽  
Danielle Vaughan ◽  
Antonios Matsakas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Fibre Development

204 RELATIVE MESSENGER RNA ABUNDANCE OF HYALURONAN RECEPTORS AND SYNTHASES ON IN VITRO- AND IN VIVO-DERIVED DAY 7 AND DAY 13 BOVINE EMBRYOS

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
M. Clemente ◽  
A. T. Palasz ◽  
J. de La Fuente ◽  
P. Lonergan ◽  
A. Gutierrez-Adan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Cd44 Receptor ◽  
Mrna Extraction

Hyaluronan (HA), which progressively increases during embryogenesis, is a glycosaminoglycan that plays a major role in oocyte/embryo development (Fenderson et al. 1993 Differentiation 54, 85–95). One of the main functions of HA is to participate in the cell proliferation and migration that are controlled by HA receptors, RHAMM and C44, and by the presence of different HA synthases, Has1, Has2, and Has3. All have very distinctive features and functions at different stages of embryo development. The objective of this study was to determine the relative mRNA abundance of HA receptors and synthases in Day 7 and 13 bovine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo. In vitro embryos were produced by standard oocyte maturation and fertilization procedures. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in groups of 25 in 25-μL droplets of synthetic oviduct fluid supplemented with 5% FCS at 39°C, 5% CO2, and 5%O2 with maximum humidity. In vivo blastocysts were collected from superovulated heifers on Day 7 (estrus = Day 0) by uterine flushing and on Day 13 immediately after slaughter by flushing the dissected reproductive tracts. All embryos were frozen in LN2 and stored at –80°C for mRNA extraction. Quantification of transcripts for RHAMM and CD44 receptors and Has2 and Has3 synthases was performed on groups of ten Day 7 blastocysts (3 groups for in vivo or in vitro) and individual Day 13 embryos (7 embryos in vivo or in vitro) by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Data on differences in transcript abundance were analyzed by ANOVA. The relative abundance of the Has2 and Has3 synthases was similar between in vivo and in vitro embryos, irrespective of their developmental stage. The quantity of CD44 was significantly higher in in vitro compared with in vivo embryos only on Day 7. However, the quantity of RHAMM receptor was higher on Day 13 in in vitro compared with in vivo embryos. When the comparison was done between developmental stages (Day 7 v. Day 13) for in vivo and in vitro embryos, we found that in vivo-produced Day 7 blastocysts expressed significantly more RHAMM receptor than embryos on Day 13. The reverse pattern of expression was shown for CD44 receptor. For in vitro embryos, the only difference observed was for Has3, which was up-regulated on Day 13 compared with Day 7 embryos. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, developmental changes in the abundance of RHAMM and CD44 receptor mRNA and Has2 and Has3 synthase mRNA in in vivo and in vitro bovine-derived embryos on Day 7 and 13. We believe that our results will provide new insight into the potential role of this intriguing multifunctional molecule in bovine early embryo development.

261. Disruption of mitochondrial function in the blastocyst alters expression of the chromatin remodeler ATRX

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
S. L. Wakefield ◽  
A. N. Filby ◽  
M. Lane ◽  
M. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Embryo Metabolism

Exposure of an embryo to suboptimal environments, including poor embryo culture media or inadequate maternal diet, can disrupt fetal and placental development and whilst the exact mechanisms responsible remain unknown, perturbed embryo metabolism has been implicated. We propose that stress applied to an early embryo causes mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in a permanent epigenetic change. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the affect of directly perturbing mitochondria in the embryo, on development, metabolism and expression of the ATP-dependant chromatin remodelling protein, ATRX. Zygotes collected from gonadotrophin stimulated C57BL/6xCBA mice were cultured to the two-cell stage and then exposed to one of three treatments; control medium (C), medium lacking pyruvate (-P; embryos dependant on the mitochondrial Malate Aspartate Shuttle, MAS) or medium lacking pyruvate plus 5µM amino-oxyacetate (AOA), a specific MAS inhibitor (-P+AOA). Blastocyst development and metabolism were assessed by determining cell number and allocation, glycolysis, and ATP:ADP ratio. Relative gene expression of ATRX, was examined using RT PCR. Embryos dependant on the MAS alone (-P) had significantly decreased blastocyst development (87.1% v. 98.2%, P < 0.05), with a compensatory increase in glycolysis (0.20 v. 0.07 pmol/cell/hr, P < 0.001) despite a decrease in ATP:ADP (0.10 v. 0.13, P < 0.06), relative to the control. Inhibition of the MAS (-P+AOA) further reduced blastocyst development,(77.3%, P < 0.001) and decreased ATP:ADP (0.08, P < 0.004), but there was no change in glycolysis relative to control embryos (0.09 pmol/cell/hr, P = 0.3). Expression of ATRX was significantly increased for –P+AOA embryos relative to the control (1.63 v. 1.0, P < 0.007) but did not differ for –P embryos (1.1). This study demonstrates that direct perturbations of mitochondrial function in the embryo compromises its metabolic regulation and blastocyst development, and the expression of the epigenetic modulator ATRX. Further studies are underway to elucidate the implications of disrupted metabolic control and this epigenetic modulator on pregnancy outcomes.

Muscle growth and development in normal-sex-ratio and all-female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 1991-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Johnston ◽  
G. Strugnell ◽  
M.L. McCracken ◽  
R. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Triploid Fish

Muscle development and growth were investigated in diploid populations of normal-sex-ratio and all-female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and their triploid counterparts produced by high-pressure treatment. Somites were formed at the rate of 6 h-1 in both diploids and triploids at 6 degrees C. The rostral-to-caudal development of myotubes, myofibrils and acetylcholinesterase staining at the myosepta was slightly more advanced in triploid than in diploid fish, although the differences were smaller than among individual families. The c-met receptor tyrosine kinase was used as a molecular marker for the satellite cells involved in postembryonic muscle growth. Satellite cell nuclei comprised 17.5 % of total myonuclei in smolts and they were 24 % more abundant in diploid than in triploid fish. Cells expressing the myogenic regulatory factor myf-6, a marker of satellite cells committed to differentiation, represented 14.8 % of total myonuclei in diploids and 12.5 % in triploids. At ambient temperatures, the number of white muscle fibres in normal-sex-ratio fish increased more than 30-fold between the alevin and smolt stages, and approximately 3.5-fold further during the first year of seawater growth. The rate of muscle fibre recruitment in seawater stages was significantly greater in diploid than in triploid fish, reaching 1162 fibres day-1 and 608 fibres day-1, respectively, in all-female groups 800 days post-hatching. For 42 cm fork-length fish, there were approximately one-third more muscle fibres per myotome in diploid than in triploid groups, 649 878 and 413 619, respectively, for all-female fish. The probability density function of muscle fibre diameters in each fish was estimated using non-parametric smoothing techniques, and the mean densities for diploids (fD) and triploids (fT) were calculated. The peak fibre diameter was approximately 20 (micro)m in all age classes, irrespective of ploidy. Distinct bimodal distributions of muscle fibre diameter were evident in all groups 775 days and 839 days post-hatching, reflecting seasonal cycles of fibre recruitment. fD and fT were compared using a non-parametric bootstrap technique and the reference band representing the null-hypothesis indicated that there was no difference with ploidy. Reference bands for normal-sex-ratio fish at 315 days and 470 days indicated that diploids had a higher percentage of smaller-diameter fibres and that triploid distributions had a thicker right-hand tail. Similar differences in fD and fT of muscle fibre diameters were found for all-female fish, although the statistical evidence was less strong. Reference bands indicated differences in the middle range of the distributions of muscle fibre diameter in fish 620–775 days post-hatch, with triploids having a thicker right-hand tail. Thus, a lower density of satellite cells was associated with reduced rates of fibre recruitment but a compensatory increase in muscle fibre hypertrophy in triploid compared with diploid fish.

Skeletal muscle Kv7 (KCNQ) channels in myoblast differentiation and proliferation

2008 ◽  
Vol 369 (4) ◽  
pp. 1094-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meritxell Roura-Ferrer ◽  
Laura Solé ◽  
Ramón Martínez-Mármol ◽  
Núria Villalonga ◽  
Antonio Felipe
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Kcnq Channels ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

scholarly journals Human myostatin negatively regulates human myoblast growth and differentiation

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (1) ◽  
pp. C195-C203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig McFarlane ◽  
Gu Zi Hui ◽  
Wong Zhi Wei Amanda ◽  
Hiu Yeung Lau ◽  
Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Myogenic Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Notch Pathway ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Myoblast Differentiation ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factor ◽  
Human Myoblast

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, has been implicated in the potent negative regulation of myogenesis in murine models. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) through which human myostatin negatively regulates human skeletal muscle growth. Using human primary myoblasts and recombinant human myostatin protein, we show here that myostatin blocks human myoblast proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression through targeted upregulation of p21. We further show that myostatin regulates myogenic differentiation through the inhibition of key myogenic regulatory factors including MyoD, via canonical Smad signaling. In addition, we have for the first time demonstrated the capability of myostatin to regulate the Notch signaling pathway during inhibition of human myoblast differentiation. Treatment with myostatin results in the upregulation of Hes1, Hes5, and Hey1 expression during differentiation; moreover, when we interfere with Notch signaling, through treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor L-685,458, we find enhanced myotube formation despite the presence of excess myostatin. Therefore, blockade of the Notch pathway relieves myostatin repression of differentiation, and myostatin upregulates Notch downstream target genes. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that myostatin treatment of myoblasts results in enhanced association of Notch1-intracellular domain with Smad3, providing an additional mechanism through which myostatin targets and represses the activity of the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD. On the basis of these results, we suggest that myostatin function and mechanism of action are very well conserved between species, and that myostatin regulation of postnatal myogenesis involves interactions with numerous downstream signaling mediators, including the Notch pathway.

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