The Major Proteins of Wheat Endosperm Starch Granules

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rahman ◽  
B Kosar-Hashemi ◽  
MS Samuel ◽  
A Hill ◽  
DC Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Terminal Sequence

Wheat starch contains two classes of associated proteins: proteins which are embedded within the granule and loosely associated surface proteins. The characterisation of the major proteins that are embedded in the granule are described. Gel electrophoresis on the basis of size resolved these proteins into five bands of molecular weights 60, 75, 85, 100 and 105 kDa. These polypeptides were demonstrated to be within the granule by their resistance to proteinase K digestion when granules were ungelatinised. The N-terminal sequences of these polypeptides are reported. The most prominent polypeptide is the 60 kDa granule-bound starch synthase. The N-terminal sequence obtained from the 75 kDa polypeptide shows homology to rice soluble starch synthase. The 85 kDa band was resolved into at least two types of polypeptides, one of which reacted with polyclonal antiserum to the maize branching enzyme IIb. The 100 and 105 kDa polypeptides were located only in the granule and are related, on the basis of N-terminal sequence similarity and cross-reactivity to monoclonal antibodies. SDS-PAGE and monoclonal antibody cross-reactivity experiments suggest that the 100 and 105 kDa polypeptides are absent from starch granules from all other species examined, including other cereals. It is speculated that all the major granule proteins are involved in starch biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Phytoreovirus Associated with Tobacco Exhibiting Leaf Curl Symptoms in South Africa

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Emma Christine Rey ◽  
Elvera D'Andrea ◽  
Jennifer Calvert-Evers ◽  
Maria Paximadis ◽  
Guido Boccardo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
First Record ◽  
Outer Core ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Class I ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Leaf Curl

Three forms of tobacco leaf curl (termed classes I, II, and III, based on symptomatology) recently have been described in southern Africa. Numerous attempts to isolate virus particles responsible for a nongeminivirus-induced leaf curl disease (class I) of tobacco in South Africa have been unsuccessful. Recently, 12 dsRNA segments were isolated from tobacco exhibiting class I leaf curl symptoms, suggesting a possible reovirus genome. The objective of our study was to confirm whether the dsRNA segments are associated with a reovirus. Isolation of icosahedral particles with an outer core 60 to 65 nm in diameter and an inner core 40 to 45 nm in diameter was achieved. Twelve distinct nonpolyadenylated dsRNAs were isolated from purified virions, and the total molecular masses of the dsRNAs ranged from 17.86 to 18.40 × 106 Da in polyacrylamide and agarose gels, respectively. Using hybridization analysis, dsRNAs were identified as non-homologous distinct segments. Comparisons with other known reoviruses revealed a unique banding pattern that was most similar to the wound tumor virus (WTV), the type species of the genus Phytoreovirus. Hybridizations of WTV cloned DNA probes (segments S4 and S6 to S9) and dsRNAs from infected tobacco indicated no significant sequence similarity, whereas indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a polyclonal antiserum to WTV showed strong positive cross-reactivity to tobacco virions. Our results indicate a virus with features consistent with those of phytoreoviruses. This is the first report of a plant reovirus in tobacco, the first record in Africa, and the second example of a field-isolated dicot phytoreovirus.

scholarly journals Roles of Waxy and Soluble Starch Synthase Iia Alleles in Determining Different Type Resistant Starch Contents of Rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui You ◽  
Ouling Zhang ◽  
Xu Liang ◽  
Cheng Liang ◽  
Yongjun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Functional Starch

Abstract BackgroundResistant Starch (RS) is a functional starch that has functions of regulating diabetes, hypertension and obesity. The effects of most starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) on RS content and their relationships are largely unknown. ResultsIn current study, ninety-nine lines from a recombinant inbred line were selected to investigate the effects of SSRGs on the RS content in different process status. Results revealed that RS content decreased dramatically after cooking, but it did not increase significantly after cooling for 7 days. And RS was closely related to many indexes of physicochemical properties, but was not correlated with granule size. Waxy (Wx) played an important role in controlling RS content and Wxa could elevate RS content in raw milled rice, cooked rice and retrograded rice. Soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) had an impact on RS2, and RS2 content of indica SSIIa were significantly higher than that of japonica SSIIa (SSIIaj). Moreover, interaction of Wx and SSIIa was responsible for variations of RS content in three sample types, RS2 and volume proportion of different size starch granules. ConclusionsWx and SSIIa together significantly regulate different types content of RS in rice, but SSIIa only affects RS2. Wxa-SSIIaj is favorable to forming large-diameter starch granules.

scholarly journals Soluble Starch Synthase Enzymes in Cereals: An Updated Review

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1983
Author(s):  
Ahsan Irshad ◽  
Huijun Guo ◽  
Shoaib Ur Rehman ◽  
Xueqing Wang ◽  
Chaojie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Structure ◽  
Debranching Enzymes ◽  
Branching Enzymes ◽  
Starch Yield

Cereal crops have starch in their endosperm, which has provided calories to humans and livestock since the dawn of civilization to the present day. Starch is one of the important biological factors which is contributing to the yield of cereal crops. Starch is synthesized by different enzymes, but starch structure and amount are mainly determined by the activities of starch synthase enzymes (SS) with the involvement of starch branching enzymes (SBEs) and debranching enzymes (DBEs). Six classes of SSs are found in Arabidopsis and are designated as soluble SSI-V, and non-soluble granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). Soluble SSs are important for starch yield considering their role in starch biosynthesis in cereal crops, and the activities of these enzymes determine the structure of starch and the physical properties of starch granules. One of the unique characteristics of starch structure is elongated glucan chains within amylopectin, which is by SSs through interactions with other starch biosynthetic enzymes (SBEs and DBEs). Additionally, soluble SSs also have conserved domains with phosphorylation sites that may be involved in regulating starch metabolism and formation of heteromeric SS complexes. This review presents an overview of soluble SSs in cereal crops and includes their functional and structural characteristics in relation to starch synthesis.

Microdetermination of Surface Proteins of Wheat Starch Granules by Dye Binding

1999 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Seguchi ◽  
Yomiko Yoshino
Keyword(s):  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Dye Binding

Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Neocallimastix Patriciarum ◽  
Grain Starch

The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.

scholarly journals Toward an understanding of the biogenesis of the starch granule. Determination of granule-bound and soluble starch synthase functions in amylopectin synthesis.

1994 ◽  
Vol 269 (40) ◽  
pp. 25150-25157
Author(s):  
M.L. Maddelein ◽  
N. Libessart ◽  
F. Bellanger ◽  
B. Delrue ◽  
C. D'Hulst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase

scholarly journals Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization and Irrigation on Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Starch in Two Bread Wheat Cultivars

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Jingyang Tong ◽  
Shujun Wang ◽  
Zhonghu He ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Short Range ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Transition Temperatures ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Swelling Power ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation are significant agronomic factors affecting wheat production, but little information is available on the effects of reduced N fertilization and irrigation on internal starch structure and physicochemical properties associated with the quality of wheat-based foods. In this study, reduced N fertilization and irrigation were separately applied to investigate their effects on composition and morphological changes, crystalline and external region structure features, swelling power, and gelatinization characteristics of starch granules in bread wheat, with a high N-use-efficiency and water-saving wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 and a widely grown cultivar Jingdong 17. Compared with a non-N control, reduced N fertilization did not change the crystallinity type and short-range ordered degree of starch; however, it significantly increased relative crystallinity, swelling power and gelatinization enthalpy, whereas amylose content and transition temperatures were decreased. Under reduced irrigation, more small starch granules with compact arrangements appeared in comparison with non-water control. Relative crystallinity, swelling power and gelatinization enthalpy of starch were increased, whereas short-range ordered degree and transition temperatures were decreased. Moreover, the starch of the two cultivars appeared to differ in response to both the N and water treatments. The findings indicated that reduced N fertilization or irrigation markedly influenced the structure and physicochemical characteristics of wheat starch, providing important information for developing elite cultivars with high N and water use efficiency and outstanding starch quality.

scholarly journals QTL-seq identifies cooked grain elongation QTLs near soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzymes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwaret Arikit ◽  
Samart Wanchana ◽  
Srisawat Khanthong ◽  
Chatree Saensuk ◽  
Tripop Thianthavon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Starch Branching Enzymes ◽  
Branching Enzymes

Purification and partial amino acid sequence of thuricin S, a new anti-Listeriabacteriocin from Bacillus thuringiensis

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Chehimi ◽  
François Delalande ◽  
Sophie Sablé ◽  
Mohamed-Rabeh Hajlaoui ◽  
Alain Van Dorsselaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Terminal Sequence ◽  
Partial Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
Edman Sequencing

We report the isolation and characterization of a new bacteriocin, thuricin S, produced by the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus HD198 strain. This antibacterial activity is sensitive to proteinase K, is heat-stable, and is stable at a variety of pH values (3–10.5). The monoisotopic mass of thuricin S purified by high perfomance liquid chromatography, as determined with mass spectrometry ESI-TOF-MS, is 3137.61 Da. Edman sequencing and NanoESI-MS/MS experiments provided the sequence of the 18 N-terminal amino acids. Interestingly, thuricin S has the same N-terminal sequence (DWTXWSXL) as bacthuricin F4 and thuricin 17, produced by B. thuringiensis strains BUPM4 and NEB17, respectively, and could therefore be classified as a new subclass IId bacteriocin.

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