Differences in Growth in Response to Temperature of Maize Hybrids Varying in Low Temperature Tolerance

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
AK Hardacre ◽  
DH Greer
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Net Assimilation

Two hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) were compared for low temperature tolerance using a range of characters. The hybrid A665 × H99 (CBD) originated in the Corn Belt of the U.S.A. NZlA × 5-113 (CT) was produced in New Zealand; it is of highland tropical origins and in previous work grew faster than Corn Belt Dent (CBD) hybrids at low temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if the two hybrids grew at different rates in two contrasting temperature environments approximating those which can occur after planting in New Zealand. Growth analysis, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence were used to estimate the differences between these hybrids. The plants were grown continuously in a 22/18°C day/night temperature environment or transferred to a 16/14°C environment at the 2-mature-leaf stage. Plants were harvested immediately prior to transfer at the 2-mature-leaf stage and at the 5-mature-leaf stage of development. Differences in dry weight and leaf area were compared with net assimilation rate, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence as estimates of photosynthetic capacity. Shoot dry weight of CBD was greater than that of CT at 22/18°C, but the reverse was true at 16/14°C, showing that CT hybrids were more tolerant of the transfer to cool temperatures than CBD hybrids. In both environments the leaf areas of CBD and CT were similar. Net assimilation rate and chlorophyll concentration was greater for CT at 16/14°C, suggesting a greater photosynthetic efficiency at lower temperatures. This argument was supported by a slower decline in chlorophyll fluorescence for CT grown at 16/14°C. The coolest temperature treatment used in this work was less effective in discriminating between hybrids for differences in growth in cool environments, compared with the longer periods at 16/6°C of previous work.

Temperature response of dry matter accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence in an old and a new maize hybrid during early development

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tollenaar ◽  
M. Mihajlovic ◽  
A. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance

Studies were conducted to investigate whether genetic improvement in dry matter accumulation of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids recommended in Ontario from the late 1950s to the late 1980s is associated with cold-temperature tolerance during early phases of development. The maize hybrids Pride 5 (released in 1959) and Pioneer 3902 (released in 1988) were compared at 16/7, 23/14, and 33/24 °C under a 16-h photoperiod with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 650 μmol m−2 s−1 in long-term and short-term temperature experiments conducted in controlled-environment cabinets. In the long-term temperature experiment, plants were grown at the three temperature regimes from the 4- to the 12-leaf stage. Total and plant component dry matter was determined at the 8-, 10-, and 12-leaf stage, and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at the 10-leaf stage. In the short-term temperature experiment, plants were exposed to the three temperature regimes during a 3-d period after the 9-leaf stage, followed by 2 d at 23/14 °C. Dry matter accumulation during the 5-d period was measured and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during each of the last 3 d of the 5-d period. Results showed a highly significant temperature effect on all measured parameters. Dry matter of Pride 5 at the 10-leaf stage was higher than that of Pioneer 3902, but rates of dry matter accumulation and leaf photosynthesis did not differ among hybrids, and hybrid × temperature interactions were not significant for these parameters. Hybrid × temperature interactions were significant for dry matter partitioning and the fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, suggesting better low-temperature tolerance for Pride 5. Results of the short-term temperature study showed a significant hybrid × temperature interaction for dry matter accumulation, with Pride 5 higher than Pioneer 3902 at the low temperature regime and Pride 5 lower than Pioneer 3902 at the high temperature regime. Results of these experiments suggest that improvement over the past 30 yr of Ontario maize hybrids is not associated with improved low-temperature tolerance during early development. Key words: Maize, low-temperature tolerance, dry matter accumulation, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence

Effects of Temperature and CO2Concentration on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf were grown in controlled-environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 32/23 or 26/17 C and CO2concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. After 5 weeks, CO2enrichment to 700 ppm increased dry matter accumulation by 38, 26, and 29% in cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively, at 26/17 C and by 61, 41, and 29% at 32/23 C. Increases in leaf weight accounted for over 80% of the increase in total plant weight in cotton and spurred anoda in both temperature regimes. Leaf area was not increased by CO2enrichment. The observed increases in dry matter production with CO2enrichment were caused by increased net assimilation rate. In a second experiment, plants were grown at 350 ppm CO2and 29/23 C day/night for 17 days before exposure to 700 ppm CO2at 26/17 C for 1 week. Short-term exposure to high CO2significantly increased net assimilation rate, dry matter production, total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf weight in comparison with plants maintained at 350 ppm CO2at 26/17 C. Increases in leaf weight in response to short-term CO2enrichment accounted for 100, 87, and 68% of the observed increase in total plant dry weight of cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively. Comparisons among the species showed that CO2enrichment decreased the weed/crop ratio for total dry weight, possibly indicating a potential competitive advantage for cotton under elevated CO2, even at suboptimum temperatures.

EFFECT OF SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ROSSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-439
Author(s):  
K. M. Ladan ◽  
M. G. Abubakar ◽  
J. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
100 Seed Weight

The Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of solid and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rosselle in 2016 cropping season at Institute of Agricultural Reserve Zaria, Samaru (11011’N 07038E and 686m) and Institute of Horticultural Research Farm Bagauda (12000’N 8031”Em 488m) in Northern Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah Ecological Zones of above sea level Nigeria. Treatments consisted of four levels of solid poultry manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) tons/ha and five levels of liquid organic manure from Grand Total Organic Fertilizer Limited (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.9) litres/ha, which were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), leaf Area index crop growth rate (CGR) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net assimilation rate (NAR) while data on yield parameters like number of calyx per pant, 100 seed weight (g) and  calyx yield per hectare kg/ha were collected. Results showed that plant height, plant dry weight(g), 100 seed weight(g) and calyx dry yield kg/ha had a significant increase with application of 2.0 litres/ha of liquid fertilizer than other rates. While application of solid poultry manure at 3.0ton/ha significantly increases plant height, net assimilation rate, leaf area index and calyx dry weight when compared with other rates. From the results obtained, the combination of 2.0 litres/ha liquid organic fertilizer and 3.0 ton/ha solid poultry manure produce the highest calyx yield at both location.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Amendment on the Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna aconitifolia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
E. A. Effa ◽  
A. A. J. Mofunanya ◽  
B. A. Ngele
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Vigna Aconitifolia ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation

Background: Soil pH is one of the most important factors that contribute to crop growth and productivity. The present research was designed to assess the influence of soil amendment using organic manure and agricultural lime on the relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna aconitifolia grown on soils from different locations. Methodology: The three locations were: Akamkpa, Calabar Municipality and Odukpani. The pH for the three soil locations were 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0, respectively. The treatments were; control (0 g), OM1 (100 g organic manure), OM2 (200 g organic manure), AL1 (100 g agricultural lime), AL2 (200 g agricultural lime), OM1 + AL1 (50 g organic manure + 50 g agricultural lime) and OM2 +AL2 (100 g organic manure and 100 g agricultural lime). Results: Results obtained on the RGR of the leaf dry weight of P. vulgaris treated with OM2 was the highest (0.50 g/wk) followed by OM1 (0.41 g/wk). OM1 + AL1 had the highest RGR of the stem dry weight of P. vulgaris grown on soil from Calabar Municipality. In the RGR of the root dry weight, OM2 had the highest mean value in both plants grown on Akamkpa soil. Results obtained at 4 weeks after planting (WAP) revealed that there was significant (P<0.05) increase in NAR of plants grown on soil from Akamkpa. The highest NAR was obtained for V. aconitifolia treated with OM2 (0.0447 g/wk) followed by OM2 + AL2 (0.0057 g/wk) for both V. aconitifolia and P. vulgaris. P. vulgaris grown on Akamkpa and Odukpani soils treated with AL2 (0.0032 g/wk), OM1 + AL1 (0.0041 g/wk) and OM2+ AL2 (0.0062 g/wk) had the highest NAR at 8 WAP. Conclusion: The RGR and NAR of the two bean varieties were improved following treatments with organic manure and agricultural lime.

CO2 assimilation by Dryas integrifolia on Devon Island, Northwest Territories

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Mayo ◽  
Don G. Despain ◽  
Eduard M. van Zinderen Bakker Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Devon Island ◽  
Net Assimilation

In situ measurements of CO2 assimilation by Dryas integrifolia at different stages of development and under different environmental conditions were made on Devon Island, Northwest Territories. Dryas can fix CO2 in excess of respiration over a 24-h period under conditions of clear nights and cloudy days. The maximum net assimilation rate measured was 4.2 mg g−1 dry weight h−1. The maximum amount of CO2 fixed in 24 h was 61.54 mg g−1 dry weight. Maximum net assimilation occurred at 8 to 10 °C leaf temperatures. Positive net assimilation occurred at 1 °C leaf temperature. Light compensation was shown to be less than 0.04 langley min−1. Leaf temperatures were always greater than ambient. The maximum leaf temperature measured was 39 °C. Net assimilation rates appear to decrease as the season progresses.

scholarly journals Influence of Inverse Day/Night Temperature on Ozone Sensitivity and Selected Morphological and Physiological Responses of Cucumber

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhoolika Agrawal ◽  
Donald T. Krizek ◽  
Shashi B. Agrawal ◽  
George F. Kramer ◽  
Edward H. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Variable Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Cultivar Difference

Cucumis sativus L. (cvs. Poinsett and Ashley) plants were grown from seed in a growth chamber at a +10C (28/18) or a -10C (18/28) difference (DIF) between day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT) on a 12-hour photoperiod for 24 days prior to ozone (O3) fumigation (3 hours at 0.5 umol·mol-1). Negative DIF, compared to +DIF, reduced plant height, node count, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area in both cultivars. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll concentration, and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv) were lower and O3 injury and polyamine concentrations were higher at -DIF than at +DIF. Ozone fumigation generally increased leaf concentration of polyamines and reduced Pn, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence. `Poinsett' generally had a higher specific leaf mass and higher concentrations of chlorophyll a and polyamines than did `Ashley', but there was no cultivar difference in O3 injury, growth response, Pn, or stomatal conductance.

Influence of Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Density and Duration of Interference on Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Robert J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Density Study ◽  
Number Of Branches ◽  
Agropyron Repens

The effect of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] density and duration of interference on soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was investigated in two studies. In the density study, the average reduction in soybean yield by quackgrass densities of 520 and 910 shoots/m2was 19 and 55%, respectively. Quackgrass densities of 95 and 160 shoots/m2did not significantly reduce soybean yields. The number of branches that produced pods, the number of pods and seeds per plant, and soybean height were reduced by the two highest densities. In 1980, quackgrass densities of 265 and 595 shoots/m2reduced soybean leaf area and plant dry weight. Leaf area partitioning (LAP), leaf weight partitioning (LWP), and net assimilation rate (NAR) of soybeans were reduced by a quackgrass density of 595 shoots/m2. In the duration study, interference by a natural stand of quackgrass for 6 weeks, 8 weeks, and full-season decreased soybean yield an average of 11, 23, and 33%, respectively. Results from the duration study suggest that a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of quackgrass in soybeans would be beneficial if available.

The impact of red and blue light-emitting diode illumination on radish physiological indices

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giedrė Samuolienė ◽  
Ramūnas Sirtautas ◽  
Aušra Brazaitytė ◽  
Jurga Sakalauskaitė ◽  
Sandra Sakalauskienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Physiological Indices ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

AbstractThe objective was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of red (638 nm) and blue (455 nm) light produced by solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on physiological indices (net assimilation rate, hypocotyl-to-leaf ratio, leaf area, leaf dry weight, hypocotyl length and diameter, plant length, developed leaves), variation of photosynthetic pigments and non-structural carbohydrates in radish (Raphanus sativus L., var. ‘Faraon’). Lighting experiments were performed under controlled conditions (total PPFD - 200 μmol m−2 s−1; 16 h photoperiod; 14/18°C night/day temperature). The LED conditions: 638 nm; 638 + 5% 455 nm; 638 + 10% 455 nm; 638 + 10% 455 + 731 nm; 638 + 10% 455 + 731 + 669 nm. Our results showed that radishes grown under red (638 nm) alone were elongated, and the formation of hypocotyl was weak. The net assimilation rate, hypocotyl-to-leaf ratio, and leaf dry weight also were low due to the low accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and non-structural carbohydrates in leaves. The supplemented blue (455 nm) light was necessary for the non-structural carbohydrates distribution between radish storage organs and leaves which resulted in hypocotyl thickening. Red alone (638 nm) or in combination with far-red (731 nm), or red669 for radish generative development was required.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND TUBER DEVELOPMENT IN THREE POTATO CULTIVARS WITH DIVERSE CANOPY SIZE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. COLLINS
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Tuber Development ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Canopy Size

The basis of differences in tuber and plant development in potato, due to differences in canopy size, was studied by measuring changes in plant dry weight and leaf area throughout the growing season. Differing canopy sizes were obtained by selecting three cultivars from the Canada Potato Breeding Program. These were F57048, Grand Falls, and F62008, which normally produce small, medium and large sized canopies respectively, with similar tuber yields. Differences in total and tuber dry weight through the season were slight compared to differences observed in leaf and stem growth. The branching capacity of the cultivars appeared to be the major determinant of canopy size. In these three cultivars, as canopy size increased, the initial tuber growth rate immediately following tuberization decreased. Thus, in the two smaller cultivars, the early tuber growth rate was more critical in determining final yield than was the case in the large-canopied cultivar, F62008. As expected, the net assimilation rate increased as canopy size decreased. The evidence indicated that the demands of the developing tubers exerted the greatest influence on the net assimilation rate.

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