Salinity Effects of Leaf Water Relations and Gas Exchange of 'Valencia' Orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, on Rootstocks With Different Salt Exclusion Characteristics

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lloyd ◽  
JP Syvertsen ◽  
PE Kriedemann
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Valencia orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] scions were grafted to rootstocks with different sodium and chloride excluding characteristics, viz. Trifoliata [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Grafted trees were grown at either 175 or 650 �mol m-2 s-1 photosynthetically active radiation and watered with nutrient solution with 0, 50 or 100 mol m-3 NaCl. Foliage of scions grafted to Trifoliata had higher levels of chloride but lower levels of sodium compared to foliage of scions grafted to Cleopatra mandarin. Although leaf water potential declined with salinisation, salt accumulation in leaves on both root- stocks contributed to more negative osmotic pressures and subsequent maintenance of turgor at or above levels in control leaves. Despite turgor maintenance, CO2 assimilation rate (A) was reduced by salinity. Inhibition occurred to a greater degree for leaves on Cleopatra mandarin than those on Trifoliata. Reductions in CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were usually in step with each other. This correlation was paralleled by little change in intercellular partial pressures of CO2 (pI) despite large changes in gas exchange. The response of A to pi was affected by salinity in such a way that impact of salt on CO2 assimilation was expressed to a greater degree at high pI. The extent of photosynthetic response to salt at high pI was independent of light level during growth. Room temperature chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics remained unaltered. Scions grafted to Trifoliata showed slower onset of photosynthetic dysfunction following salinisation than corresponding foliage of scions on Cleopatra mandarin. Moreover, photosynthetic sensitivity to increased leaf chloride also appeared to diminish on Trifoliata. This rootstock effect on scion performance was attributed to a superior capacity in Trifoliata for exclusion of sodium ions from Valencia scions.

scholarly journals 179 Impact of Rootstock on Maturity and Storage of Valencia Orange Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 421D-421
Author(s):  
M.M. Khattab ◽  
A.A. Elezaby ◽  
S. ElOraby ◽  
A.M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Troyer Citrange

This investigation was carried out on 13-year-old Valencia orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on five different rootstocks. Heat unit accumulation (temperature above 12.5 °C) for fruits worked on the various rootstocks were calculated from full bloom to maturity stage. Valencia fruits on Troyer citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstocks matured earlier when compared to those growing on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.), and sour orange (C. aurantium) rootstocks. The results showed that the Valencia fruits, regardless of rootstock, could be stored for different periods under different conditions. However, in order to avoid degradation in fruit quality, storing periods should not exceed 21, 60, and 120 days under room conditions (25 °C and RH 25% to 35%), 4 °C (RH 80% to 85%), and 8 °C (RH 80% to 85%); respectively.

Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Ion Concentrations of Leaves of Salt Stressed 'Valencia' Orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lloyd ◽  
PE Kriedemann ◽  
JP Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Co2 Compensation Point ◽  
Valencia Orange

'Valencia' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] scions grafted on sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Parramatta sweet orange] rootstock were grown in soil culture under controlled environmental conditions. Salt stress was imposed by adding NaCl to the nutrient solution in increments of 5 mol m-3 per day to a final concentration of 50 mol m-3. Leaf gas exchange, water relations and sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations were monitored until 89 days after commencement of salt treatment. Initial CO2 assimilation rates were relatively low (2.8-4.4 �mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and were stimulated by 72-86% when ambient oxygen partial pressure was reduced from 210 mbar to 21 mbar. After 14 days salt treatment, there was an increase in assimilation rate of approximately 20% associated with a decrease in osmotic potential (π) of 0.6 MPa. Reduction in � occurred without foliar ion accumulation. Assimilation rates gradually declined thereafter, averaging less than 1 �mol CO2m-2 s-1 at day 89. Lower CO2 assimilation rates were not a consequence of increased photorespiration as no change in the extent of oxygen inhibition of CO2 assimilation or CO2 compensation point occurred with salinisation. Stomatal conductance appeared less sensitive to salt treatment than intrinsic photosynthesis, resulting in higher intercellular partial pressures of CO2 in salt stressed leaves (291 cf. 259 pbar for controls at day 89). Water use efficiency was accordingly lower in salt affected leaves. Salinised leaves had consistently more negative osmotic potentials than control leaves; turgor potential was thus maintained at or above control levels for a given bulk-leaf water potential. Since leaf turgor was maintained via osmotic adjustment and uptake of sodium and chloride, lower assimilation rates were attributed to a toxic ion effect.

scholarly journals Effect of Rootstock on Stem-end Rind Breakdown and Decay of Fresh Citrus

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Ritenour ◽  
Ed Stover ◽  
Brian J. Boman ◽  
Huating Dou ◽  
Kim D. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Quality Retention ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Rootstock significantly affected the development of stem-end rind breakdown (SERB) on `Valencia' and navel oranges (Citrus sinensis), but not `Ray Ruby' grapefruit (C. paradisi) or `Oroblanco' (C. grandis × C. paradisi), and affected postharvest decay on navel orange, `Ray Ruby' grapefruit, `Oroblanco' and one of two seasons (2002) on `Valencia' orange. In `Valencia' and navel oranges, fruit from trees grown on Gou Tou (unidentified Citrus hybrid) consistently developed low SERB. `Valencia' oranges on US-952 [(C. paradisi × C. reticulata) × Poncirus trifoliata] developed high levels of SERB in both years tested. Relative SERB of fruit from other rootstocks was more variable. Navel oranges, `Ray Ruby' grapefruit, and `Oroblanco' fruit from trees on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata) rootstock consistently developed relatively low levels of decay, and in navel this level was significantly lower than observed from trees on all other rootstocks. In three of five trials we observed significant differences between widely used commercial rootstocks in their effects on postharvest SERB and/or decay. Given the expanding importance of sales to distant markets, it is suggested that evaluations of quality retention during storage be included when developing citrus rootstocks and scion varieties for the fresh market.

scholarly journals Response of Citrus (Citrus spp.) Rootstock Seedlings to Soil-Applied Herbicides

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Megh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obs. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] citrus rootstock seedlings to multiple applications of Premier (fluometralin), Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan (oryzalin), Prowl (pendimethalin), and Treflan trifluralin). The citrus rootstock responses ranged from a 11% reduction in shoot weight of sour orange with Treflan (trifluralin) to a 19% reduction in fibrous root weight of Swingle citrumelo with Surflan (oryzalin). Cleopatra mandarin was tolerant to all the seven herbicides. Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), and Premier (fluometralin) were not phytotoxic to all four rootstocks.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Citrus Nursery Plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. Maust ◽  
J.G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Critical N Concentration

Experiments were conducted with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) or Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedling rootstocks to determine minimum container solution N concentrations required for optimum growth and fertilizer uptake efficiency at various growth stages. Plants were fertigated daily with 1 liter of N solution at either 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 or 0, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 dissolved in a complete nutrient solution, respectively. Percentage of N in the mature plant tissues increased as N concentration in the medium solution increased. Shoot length and leaf area increased as N concentrations increased up to a critical concentration of 15 to 19 mg·liter-1. The critical N concentration for root, shoot, and total plant dry weight was ≈18 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Cleopatra mandarin nursery plants and 15 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Carrizo nursery plants. The critical N concentration for relative total plant dry weight accumulation (percentage) for the two experiments was 16.8 mg·liter-1. In a separate experiment, plants were given labeled fertilizer N (FN) (15NH415NO3) at one of five growth stages: A) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the third flush, B) immediately following the cessation of the third flush shoot extension but during leaf expansion, C) immediately following leaf expansion, D) before the fourth flush, or E) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the fourth flush. Labeled FN recovery increased during rapid shoot extension of the fourth scion flush compared to the other labeling periods. FN uptake per gram of total plant dry weight was greatest during rapid shoot extension (A and E) and lowest during the intermediate labeling periods (B-D). FN supplied 21% to 22% of the N required for new growth during rapid shoot extension.

scholarly journals Forcing Method and Time of Rootstock Shoot Removal Affect Growth of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-246
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Shoot Removal ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

I conducted an experiment to determine the effects of time of rootstock shoot removal on growth of citrus nursery plants forced by bending and lopping. `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) seedlings were grown in 2.8-L plastic pots and forced by bending or lopping the rootstock shoots. For Carrizo plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 21, 36, 170, or 235 days after forcing. For Cleopatra plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 11, 21, 36, 170, and 235 days after forcing. Bending and lopping with rootstock shoots remaining attached for 36 days after forcing resulted in greater nursery tree growth (scion, root, and wholeplant dry masses; scion length; and leaf area) than when rootstock shoots were removed the day of forcing. Growth of scion leaves (both rootstocks) and stems (Cleopatra) was greatest at a rootstock shoot removal time (RSRT) of 36 days after forcing. However, root and whole plant dry masses increased as RSRT increased up to 235 days after forcing. These results suggest that roots continue to be a major sink for rootstock photosynthates of bent or lopped plants during periods after the first scion growth flush. Proportionally greater root growth occurred on plants forced by bending or lopping when rootstock shoots were left attached for more than the usual 4 to 5 weeks after forcing.

scholarly journals Interstock of ‘Valencia’ Orange Affects the Flooding Tolerance in ‘Verna’ Lemon Trees

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Gimeno ◽  
James P. Syvertsen ◽  
Inma Simon ◽  
Vicente Martinez ◽  
Jose M. Camara-Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Valencia Orange

Previous work on citrus trees has shown that an interstock, grafted between the rootstock and scion combination, not only can improve tree growth, longevity, fruit production, and quality, but also can increase salinity tolerance. This research was designed to evaluate flooding responses of 2-year-old ‘Verna’ lemon trees [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.; VL] either grafted on ‘Sour’ orange (C. aurantium L.; SO) rootstock without an interstock (VL/SO) or interstocked with ‘Valencia’ orange (C. sinensis Osbeck;VL/V/SO) or with ‘Castellano’ orange (C. sinensis Osbeck; VL/C/SO). Well-watered and fertilized trees were grown under greenhouse conditions and half were flooded for 9 days. At the end of the flooded period, leaf water relations, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, mineral nutrition, organic solutes, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured. Leaf water potential (Ψw), relative water content (RWC), net CO2 assimilation rate (ACO2), and stomatal conductance (gS) were decreased by flooding in all the trees but the greatest decreases occurred in VL/V/SO. The Ci/Ca (leaf internal CO2 to ambient CO2 ratio), Fv/Fo (potential activity of PSII) and Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency) ratios were similar in flooded and non-flooded VL/SO and VL/C/SO trees but were decreased in VL/V/SO trees by flooding. Regardless of interstock, flooding increased root calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentration but decreased nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentration. Based on the leaf water relations, gas exchange, and chlorophyll parameters, ‘Verna’ lemon trees interstocked with ‘Valencia’ orange had the least flooding tolerance. Regardless of interstock, the detrimental effect of flooding in ‘Verna’ lemon trees was the leaf dehydration which decreased ACO2 as a result of non-stomatal factors. Lowered ACO2 did not decrease the leaf carbohydrate concentration. Flooding decreased root starch in all trees but more so in VL/V/SO trees. Sugars were decreased by flooding in roots of interstocked trees but were increased by flooding in VL/SO roots suggesting that the translocation of carbohydrates from shoots to roots under flooded condition was impaired in interstocked trees.

scholarly journals 930 PB 536 FORCING METHOD AND ROOTSTOCK AFFECT SCION BUDBREAK AND GROWTH OF CITRUS NURSERY TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 563a-563
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bud forcing method and rootstock on scion budbreak and nursery tree growth of `Han-din' orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) In Expt. 1, Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Ca), Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Sw), and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) (Cl) were budded with `Hamlin' orange and forced by cutting off the rootstock tops, lopping (cutting half way through the rootstock stem above the scion bud), or bending the rootstock top and tying it to the trunk). For Cl and Ca percent budbreak was high for all forcing methods. For Sw percent budbreak was greater for cutting off than for lopping or bending. For Sw and Ca, bending or lopping resulted in greater whole plant and scion dry weights than cutting off. Expt. 2 was similar to Expt. 1 except that bending was used alone, or in combination with notching (cutting an invertal v-shaped notch above the scion bud), or with topping the bent rootstock shoot. Scion budbreak of Sw plants was greater for bending + notching than for bending alone. Other effects of rootstock and forcing method for cutting off, bending or lopping were similar to those found in Expt. 1.

scholarly journals INJURY TO 27 CITRUS CULTIVARS ON 22 ROOTSTOCKS AT ONE-YEAR-OLD EXPERIENCING MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF -4.4C

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1137b-1137
Author(s):  
Robert E. Rouse ◽  
David P. H. Tucker ◽  
Edgar D. Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Scion Cultivar

Evaluation ratings of cold injury following a freeze on December 24 & 25, 1989, showed differences among scion cultivars and rootstock. `Star Ruby' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and `Fallglo' citrus hybrid, a cross of Bower mandarin citrus hybrid × Temple tangor (C. temple Hort. ex Y. Tanaka) were the most severely damaged scion cultivars. `Rohde Red' valencia orange selection 472-11-43. [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. was the least damaged scion cultivar. Scions budded to Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) and FL 80-18 citrumelo [C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock were damaged more than on other rootstock. Scions budded to smooth flat seville (C. aurantium?) and P. trifoliata × Ridge pineapple sweet orange selection 1573-26 [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] had the least injury. Analysis comparing replications showed the greatest damage to be in the north side of the planting.

scholarly journals Protection of Citrus Rootstocks Against Phytophthora spp. with a Hypovirulent Isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Colburn ◽  
J. H. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Phytophthora root rot of citrus in Florida is caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and P. palmivora. A naturally occurring isolate of P. nicotianae (Pn117) was characterized as hypovirulent on citrus roots. Pn117 infected and colonized fibrous roots, but caused significantly less disease than the virulent isolates P. nicotianae Pn198 and P. palmivora Pp99. Coincident inoculation of rootstock seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) or Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) with the hypovirulent Pn117 and the virulent isolates Pn198 and Pp99 did not reduce the severity of disease caused by the virulent Phytophthora spp. When either rootstock was inoculated with the hypovirulent Pn117 for 3 days prior to inoculation with virulent isolates, preinoculated seedlings had significantly less disease and greater root weight compared with seedlings inoculated with the virulent isolates alone. Recovery of the different colony types of Phytophthora spp. from roots of sweet orange (C. sinensis) or Swingle citrumelo was evaluated on semiselective medium after sequential inoculations with the hypovirulent Pn117 and virulent Pp99. Pn117 was isolated from roots at the same level as the Pp99 at 3 days post inoculation. Preinoculation of Pn117 for 3 days followed by inoculation with Pp99 resulted in greater recovery of the hypovirulent isolate and lower recovery of the virulent compared with coincident inoculation.

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