scholarly journals Forcing Method and Time of Rootstock Shoot Removal Affect Growth of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-246
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Shoot Removal ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

I conducted an experiment to determine the effects of time of rootstock shoot removal on growth of citrus nursery plants forced by bending and lopping. `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) seedlings were grown in 2.8-L plastic pots and forced by bending or lopping the rootstock shoots. For Carrizo plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 21, 36, 170, or 235 days after forcing. For Cleopatra plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 11, 21, 36, 170, and 235 days after forcing. Bending and lopping with rootstock shoots remaining attached for 36 days after forcing resulted in greater nursery tree growth (scion, root, and wholeplant dry masses; scion length; and leaf area) than when rootstock shoots were removed the day of forcing. Growth of scion leaves (both rootstocks) and stems (Cleopatra) was greatest at a rootstock shoot removal time (RSRT) of 36 days after forcing. However, root and whole plant dry masses increased as RSRT increased up to 235 days after forcing. These results suggest that roots continue to be a major sink for rootstock photosynthates of bent or lopped plants during periods after the first scion growth flush. Proportionally greater root growth occurred on plants forced by bending or lopping when rootstock shoots were left attached for more than the usual 4 to 5 weeks after forcing.

scholarly journals 930 PB 536 FORCING METHOD AND ROOTSTOCK AFFECT SCION BUDBREAK AND GROWTH OF CITRUS NURSERY TREES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 563a-563
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bud forcing method and rootstock on scion budbreak and nursery tree growth of `Han-din' orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.) In Expt. 1, Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Ca), Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Sw), and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) (Cl) were budded with `Hamlin' orange and forced by cutting off the rootstock tops, lopping (cutting half way through the rootstock stem above the scion bud), or bending the rootstock top and tying it to the trunk). For Cl and Ca percent budbreak was high for all forcing methods. For Sw percent budbreak was greater for cutting off than for lopping or bending. For Sw and Ca, bending or lopping resulted in greater whole plant and scion dry weights than cutting off. Expt. 2 was similar to Expt. 1 except that bending was used alone, or in combination with notching (cutting an invertal v-shaped notch above the scion bud), or with topping the bent rootstock shoot. Scion budbreak of Sw plants was greater for bending + notching than for bending alone. Other effects of rootstock and forcing method for cutting off, bending or lopping were similar to those found in Expt. 1.

scholarly journals Growth and 14C-Photosynthate Allocation in Citrus Nursery Trees Subjected to One of Three Bud-forcing Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
W.S. Castle ◽  
K.E. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation

Three commercially employed treatments to force scion bud growth were compared using greenhouse-grown `Carrizo' citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings budded with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Scion buds were forced either by 1) cutting off (removing the rootstock shoot above the bud union); 2) lopping (cutting half-way through the rootstock shoot above the bud union and breaking over the rootstock stem); or 3) bending (bending the rootstock shoot to its base and tying it in position). Plants were harvested, dried, and weighed at various times after scion shoot emergence. Plants on which rootstock shoots remained attached (lopping or bending) had the largest scion leaf area and gained the most scion and whole-plant dry weight. Bending rootstock shoots also resulted in a longer scion, more leaves, and higher root dry weight than did removal of rootstock shoots by cutting off. Few differences in overall growth were observed among trees retaining their rootstock shoots after two scion growth flushes. Removal of rootstock shoots after the first scion growth flush reduced leaf area and dry weight gain of the second scion growth flush; however, it did not affect total scion leaf area or dry weight. Analysis of 14C-photosynthate transfer from labeled rootstock leaves showed that bending allowed the greatest movement of labeled assimilates to other plant parts during the 24 hours after 14CO2 fixation. Radiolabeled photosynthates from rootstock leaves were partitioned primarily to shoots during scion growth flushes and to roots during periods between growth flushes.

scholarly journals Forcing Treatment and Rootstock Affect Budbreak and Growth of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
The Way

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rootstock and bud-forcing treatment on scion budbreak and nursery tree growth of `Hamlin' orange. In Expt. 1, `Carrizo' citrange, `Swingle' citrumelo, and `Cleopatra' mandarin were budded with `Hamlin' orange and forced by one of the following methods: cutting off (purning away the rootstock top about 2 cm above the inserted scion bud); lopping (cutting half to two-thirds of the way through the rootstock stem 2 cm above the bud union, and breaking over the stem but leaving it attached); or bending (bending the rootstock shoot above the inserted scion bud and tying it to the base of the plant). For `Swingle' only, percent budbreak was less for bending or lopping compared to cutting off. For `Carrizo' and `Swingle', scion dry weights were less when plants were forced by cutting off compared to bending or lopping. For all rootstocks, whole-plant dry weights were greater for plants forced by bending and lopping than for plants forced by cutting off. In Expt. 2, scion buds on `Swingle' and `Cleopatra' plants were forced by the three methods in Expt. 1 plus combinations of bending with notching (making an inverted V incision through the bark and into the wood on the rootstock stem directly above the scion bud) and/or topping (removing the teminal 2 cm of rootstock shoot tips of plants forced by bending). Percent scion budbreak was high for `Cleopatra' plants regardless of forcing treatment. For `Swingle', scion budbreak was greater when bending was combined with notching than for bending alone. For `Cleopatra', plant dry weight was greatest for plants forced by lopping. When bending was combined with notching, or notching with topping, `Swingle' scion budbreak was comparable to cutting off, but plant dry weights were greater with these combination treatments than when cutting off was used.

scholarly journals Growth of Budded, Containerized, Citrus Nursery Plants when Photosynthesis of Rootstock Shoots Is Limited

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1363-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rootstock shoot defoliation or shading on growth during the first two scion flushes of budded, containerized, citrus nursery trees. Both experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings budded with `Hamlin' orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Scion buds were forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots above the bud union or by bending the rootstock shoots and tying them to the base of the plants (bending). In one experiment, shoots from both rootstocks that were forced by bending received one of four defoliation treatments: treatments were 0%, 40%, 60%, or 85% (based on leaf area) defoliation for Cleopatra and 0%, 30%, 60%, or 100% defoliation for Swingle. In the second experiment, rootstock shoots of plants forced by bending were subjected to a maximum photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 820, 225, 90, or 30 μmol·m–2·s–1. Growth of Cleopatra plants declined linearly with increasing levels of rootstock shoot defoliation. When rootstock shoot defoliation was ≤40%, whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) dry weights were higher for plants forced by bending than for those forced by cutting off rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most growth responses to rootstock shoot defoliation were curvilinear. Higher levels of rootstock shoot defoliation resulted in less growth than lower defoliation levels. Low PPF reduced whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) and root dry weights for both rootstocks compared to high PPF. For Cleopatra, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at the highest PPF. For Swingle, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at 225 μmol·m–2·s–1. For both rootstocks, plants forced by bending had higher dry weights at 820 and 225 μmol·m–2·s–1 than plants forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most of the reduction in scion growth from rootstock shoot defoliation occurred during the first scion flush. Our results suggest that recently produced rootstock shoot photosynthates are the primary source of greater plant growth achieved by bending compared to cutting off rootstock shoots.

scholarly journals Response of Citrus (Citrus spp.) Rootstock Seedlings to Soil-Applied Herbicides

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna N. Reddy ◽  
Megh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obs. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] citrus rootstock seedlings to multiple applications of Premier (fluometralin), Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan (oryzalin), Prowl (pendimethalin), and Treflan trifluralin). The citrus rootstock responses ranged from a 11% reduction in shoot weight of sour orange with Treflan (trifluralin) to a 19% reduction in fibrous root weight of Swingle citrumelo with Surflan (oryzalin). Cleopatra mandarin was tolerant to all the seven herbicides. Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), and Premier (fluometralin) were not phytotoxic to all four rootstocks.

scholarly journals `Ben Lear' and `Stevens' Cranberry Root and Shoot Growth Response to Soil Water Potential

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana L. Baumann ◽  
Beth Ann Workmaster ◽  
Kevin R. Kosola
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Whole Plant

Wisconsin cranberry growers report that fruit production by the cranberry cultivar `Ben Lear' (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is low in beds with poor drainage, while the cultivar `Stevens' is less sensitive to these conditions. We hypothesized that `Ben Lear' and `Stevens' would differ in their root growth and mortality response to variation in soil water potential. Rooted cuttings of each cultivar were grown in a green-house in sand-filled pots with three different soil water potentials which were regulated by a hanging water column below a fritted ceramic plate. A minirhizotron camera was used to record root growth and mortality weekly for five weeks. Root mortality was negligible (2% to 6%). Whole plant relative growth rates were greatest for both cultivars under the wettest conditions. Rooting depth was shallowest under the wettest conditions. Whole-plant relative growth rates of `Ben Lear' were higher than `Stevens' at all soil water potentials. `Stevens' plants had significantly higher root to shoot ratios and lower leaf area ratios than `Ben Lear' plants, and produced more total root length than `Ben Lear' at all soil water potentials. Shallow rooting, high leaf area ratio, and low allocation to root production by `Ben Lear' plants may lead to greater susceptibility to drought stress than `Stevens' plants in poorly drained cranberry beds.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Citrus Nursery Plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. Maust ◽  
J.G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Critical N Concentration

Experiments were conducted with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) or Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedling rootstocks to determine minimum container solution N concentrations required for optimum growth and fertilizer uptake efficiency at various growth stages. Plants were fertigated daily with 1 liter of N solution at either 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 or 0, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg·liter-1 from NH4NO3 dissolved in a complete nutrient solution, respectively. Percentage of N in the mature plant tissues increased as N concentration in the medium solution increased. Shoot length and leaf area increased as N concentrations increased up to a critical concentration of 15 to 19 mg·liter-1. The critical N concentration for root, shoot, and total plant dry weight was ≈18 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Cleopatra mandarin nursery plants and 15 mg·liter-1 for `Hamlin'-Carrizo nursery plants. The critical N concentration for relative total plant dry weight accumulation (percentage) for the two experiments was 16.8 mg·liter-1. In a separate experiment, plants were given labeled fertilizer N (FN) (15NH415NO3) at one of five growth stages: A) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the third flush, B) immediately following the cessation of the third flush shoot extension but during leaf expansion, C) immediately following leaf expansion, D) before the fourth flush, or E) in the middle of rapid shoot extension of the fourth flush. Labeled FN recovery increased during rapid shoot extension of the fourth scion flush compared to the other labeling periods. FN uptake per gram of total plant dry weight was greatest during rapid shoot extension (A and E) and lowest during the intermediate labeling periods (B-D). FN supplied 21% to 22% of the N required for new growth during rapid shoot extension.

scholarly journals (330) Growth and Nutritional Response of Six Citrus Rootstocks to Increasing Levels of Copper

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066A-1066
Author(s):  
Joseph Albano ◽  
Kim Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Nutrient disorders related to excessive levels of copper in soils are common in Florida citrus groves that have been under production for many years, mainly due to the continual use of copper-containing pesticides. The objectives of the study were to investigate the growth and nutritional response of six citrus rootstocks (nonbudded) grown in 4-L containers in sand to increasing concentrations of copper. The rootstocks included: Swingle citrumelo (Citrusparadisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.), Cleopatra mandarin (Citrusreticulata Blanco), Flying Dragon (P. trifoliata); and two new USDA series rootstocks, US-812 (Sunki mandarin × P. trifoliata released in 2001), and US-897 (a hybrid of Cleopatra × Flying Dragon not yet released). Copper was supplied at 0.05, 0.25, 1.00, and 2.00 mg·L-1 CuEDTA incorporated into a modified Hoagland's nutrient solution. As a mean of all Cu treatments, whole plant Cu levels (μg·g-1) were: Flying Dragon, 17.33; US-897, 21.68; Cleopatra, 27.33; US-812, 28.84; Swingle, 29.74; and Volkamer, 34.05. As a mean of all Cu treatments, foliar Cu levels (μg·g-1) were greatest and least in US-812 (7.74) and Cleopatra (4.05), respectively; and root Cu levels (μg·g-1) were greatest and least in Volkamer (61.08) and Flying Dragon (30.08), respectively.

scholarly journals 179 Impact of Rootstock on Maturity and Storage of Valencia Orange Fruits

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 421D-421
Author(s):  
M.M. Khattab ◽  
A.A. Elezaby ◽  
S. ElOraby ◽  
A.M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Troyer Citrange

This investigation was carried out on 13-year-old Valencia orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on five different rootstocks. Heat unit accumulation (temperature above 12.5 °C) for fruits worked on the various rootstocks were calculated from full bloom to maturity stage. Valencia fruits on Troyer citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstocks matured earlier when compared to those growing on Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.), and sour orange (C. aurantium) rootstocks. The results showed that the Valencia fruits, regardless of rootstock, could be stored for different periods under different conditions. However, in order to avoid degradation in fruit quality, storing periods should not exceed 21, 60, and 120 days under room conditions (25 °C and RH 25% to 35%), 4 °C (RH 80% to 85%), and 8 °C (RH 80% to 85%); respectively.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BROCCOLI-CROPPED SOIL ON THE GROWTH OF BROCCOLI, CABBAGE, AND CAULIFLOWER

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 268A-268
Author(s):  
Jose Reynaldo A. Santos ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Over Time

Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower were grown in the greenhouse on fallowed soil (FS) or on soil previously cropped with broccoli CBS) for three years. Fertilization levels (kg/ha) were none, 67N-22P, and 135N-44P. Inhibition of root and shoot growth components, and leaf color was evaluated at 30, 44, 58, and 72 days after seeding. Shoot and root growth of cauliflower, grown on BS, progressively declined over time, while that of broccoli and cabbage either increased or remained unaffected. Application of fertilizer (67N-22P) improved the shoot growth of cabbage but did not alleviate the symptoms associated with allelopathy, i.e., stunted growth, leaf chlorosis, reduced leaf area, observed in cauliflower. Whole plant extract of broccoli decreased percent germination of cauliflower, and reduced the speed of germination of all three test crops in the order of cauliflower>broccoli>cabbage.

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