Assimilate Source-Sink Relationships in Capsicum annuum L. II. Effects of Fruiting and Defloration on the Photosynthetic Capacity and Senescence of the Leaves

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Hall ◽  
CJ Brady
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Intracellular Resistance ◽  
Fraction 1 Protein ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Source Sink

The photosynthetic capacity of leaves of fruiting Capsicum plants that expanded during or shortly after anthesis remained steady throughout the growth of the fruit. The formation and growth of the fruit was associated with a reversal of the decline in photosynthetic capacity of some of the leaves that had expanded before anthesis. In deflorated plants, the photosynthetic capacity of leaves at all levels of insertion declined continuously. The variations with age of the net CO2 exchange of the leaf inserted one internode above the fruit were attributable almost exclusively to changes in intracellular resistance, while in the corresponding leaf of deflorated plants both leaf and intracellular transfer resistances were important determinants of photosynthesis. Fruiting reduced the age-related loss of soluble and fraction 1 protein and of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity in the leaf immediately above the fruit. The ratio of fraction 1 protein synthesis to that of other soluble proteins in fully expanded leaves showed no tendency to decline with age in plants of either type. Intracellular resistance in fruiting plants did not appear to be linked to changes in either fraction 1 protein content or ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity.

Effect of Dietary Restriction on Liver Protein Synthesis in Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Birchenall-Sparks ◽  
Michael S. Roberts ◽  
Jeffrey Staeker ◽  
James E. Hardwick ◽  
Arlan Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
F344 Rats

At 6 wk of age, male Fischer F344 rats were fed a purified, casein-based diet either ad libitum or in the amount of 60% of the diet consumed by the rats fed ad libitum (restricted diet). Hepatocytes were isolated from the rats between 2.5 and 19 mo of age. The protein content of the hepatocytes isolated from the rats fed the restricted amount of diet was significantly lower than that of hepatocytes isolated from rats fed ad libitum. The DNA and RNA content of the hepatocytes were similar for the rats fed the two dietary regimens. The absolute rate of protein synthesis for hepatocytes isolated from rats fed ad libitum decreased 55 % between 2.5 and 19 mo of age. However, the rate of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from rats fed the restricted amount of diet decreased only slightly with increasing age. At 19 mo of age, the rate of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from the rats fed the restricted amount of diet was significantly higher than the rate of protein synthesis for hepatocytes from rats fed ad libitum. Therefore, dietary restriction retards the age-related decline in liver protein synthesis. Reproduced by permission. Maria C. Birchenall-Sparks, Michael S. Roberts, Jeffrey Staeker, James E. Hardwick, Arlan Richardson, Effect of Dietary Restriction on Liver Protein Synthesis in Rats. J. Nutr. 115 , 944-950 (1985).

Structural Properties and Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase and Oxygenase Activity of Fraction-1 Protein from the Marine Alga Halimeda cylindracea (Chlorophyta)

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Akazawa ◽  
CB Osmond
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Homogeneous State ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Precipitation Line ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Subunit A ◽  
Fraction 1 Protein ◽  
Oxygenase Activity ◽  
Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase

Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity was detected in Halimeda cylindracea and Chaetomorpha crassa. In H. cylindracea carboxylase activity (72-250 micromoles CO2 fixed per hour per milligram chlorophyll) was sufficient to account for measured photosynthetic rates. The activity of the oxygenase was only 1 % that of the carboxylase but otherwise both enzymes showed properties similar to those of the same enzymes in higher green plants. Fraction-1 protein from H. cylindracea was purified to a homogeneous state as tested by poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9. The activity of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in the purified preparations was 0.1 micromoles CO2 fixed per minute per milligram protein (pH 7.0). The H. cylindracea fraction-1 protein was shown to comprise two subunits, A and B, with molecular weights 5.4 × 104, and 1.35 x 104, respectively, typical of the plant-type ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. The amino acid composition of the large subunit A was similar to that from spinach and Chlorella enzymes, whereas that of the subunit B was markedly distinguishable from the enzymes of other origins. The close resemblance of the H. cylindricea protein to the plant enzymes was further supported by the formation of a spur in the double immunodiffusion precipitation line, indicating probable existence of sequence-homology of the catalytic larger subunit A, typical of the plant-type enzyme molecules.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Differences in Extracellular Vesicle Protein Cargo in Synovial Fluid of Patients with Osteoarthritis

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Ravindra Kolhe ◽  
Virgenal Owens ◽  
Ashok Sharma ◽  
Tae Jin Lee ◽  
Wenbo Zhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Pathways

Women are at a significantly higher risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) compared to males. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) in women is poorly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to play an essential role in numerous signaling processes during the pathogenesis of age-related diseases via paracrine signaling. Molecular profiling of the synovial fluid-derived EVs cargo in women may help in the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutics for the treatment of OA in women. Previously, we reported that synovial fluid-derived EV miRNA cargo differs in a sex-specific manner. This study aims to characterize synovial fluid-derived EV protein cargo in OA patients. Our data showed sex-specific EVs protein content in OA. We found haptoglobin, orosomucoid, and ceruloplasmin significantly up-regulated, whereas apolipoprotein down-regulated in female OA EVs. In males, we discovered β-2-glycoprotein, and complement component 5 proteins significantly up-regulated and Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA)-associated factor 29 down-regulated in male OA EVs. Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and QuickGO analysis revealed OA-specific protein involvement in several biological, molecular, and cellular pathways, specifically in inflammatory processes. In conclusion, synovial fluid EV protein content is altered in a sex-specific manner with OA, explaining the increased prevalence and severity of OA in women.

scholarly journals Short-term increases in intraluminal pressure reverse age-related decrements in endothelium-dependent dilation in soleus muscle feed arteries

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1172-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Woodman ◽  
Daniel W. Trott ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Enos Expression ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Enos Mrna ◽  
Feed Arteries ◽  
Increased Pressure

We tested the hypothesis that short-term increases in intraluminal pressure improve endothelium-dependent dilation and increase endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) expression in senescent soleus muscle feed arteries (SFA). SFA isolated from young (4 mo) and old (24 mo) Fischer 344 rats were cannulated and pressurized at 90 (p90) or 130 (p130) cmH2O for 4 h. At the end of the 4-h protocol, pressure in p130 SFA was lowered to 90 cmH2O for examination of endothelium-dependent (flow- or ACh-induced) vasodilation. Flow- and ACh-induced dilations were blunted in old p90 SFA relative to young p90 SFA. Pretreatment with increased pressure (p130) improved flow- and ACh-induced dilations in old SFA, such that vasodilator responses were similar to those in young SFA. In the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) or l-NNA + indomethacin (Indo), flow-induced dilation was inhibited in old p130 SFA, such that the response was not greater than the response in old p90 SFA. In old p130 SFA, ACh-induced dilation was inhibited by l-NNA + Indo (not l-NNA alone). In a separate experiment, SFA were pressurized at 70, 90, 110, or 130 cmH2O for 4 h, and eNOS mRNA and protein content were assessed. Increased pressure induced eNOS mRNA expression in young (not old) SFA. eNOS protein content was not altered in young or old SFA. These results indicate that short-term increases in intraluminal pressure improve endothelium-dependent dilation in senescent SFA, in part by enhancing NO bioavailability; however, the beneficial effect was not associated with increased eNOS expression.

scholarly journals Random errors in protein synthesis activate an age-dependent program of muscle atrophy in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Moore ◽  
Rashid Akbergenov ◽  
Martina Nigri ◽  
Patricia Isnard-Petit ◽  
Amandine Grimm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Related Phenotype ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Translation Accuracy ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

AbstractRandom errors in protein synthesis are prevalent and ubiquitous, yet their effect on organismal health has remained enigmatic for over five decades. Here, we studied whether mice carrying the ribosomal ambiguity (ram) mutation Rps2-A226Y, recently shown to increase the inborn error rate of mammalian translation, if at all viable, present any specific, possibly aging-related, phenotype. We introduced Rps2-A226Y using a Cre/loxP strategy. Resulting transgenic mice were mosaic and showed a muscle-related phenotype with reduced grip strength. Analysis of gene expression in skeletal muscle using RNA-Seq revealed transcriptomic changes occurring in an age-dependent manner, involving an interplay of PGC1α, FOXO3, mTOR, and glucocorticoids as key signaling pathways, and finally resulting in activation of a muscle atrophy program. Our results highlight the relevance of translation accuracy, and show how disturbances thereof may contribute to age-related pathologies.

Total protein content and protein synthesis within pre-elongation stage bovine embryos

1998 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Thompson ◽  
A.N.M. Sherman ◽  
N.W. Allen ◽  
L.T. McGowan ◽  
H.R. Tervit
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Bovine Embryos

scholarly journals Advances in the Role of Leucine-Sensing in the Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Aging Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Jason Cholewa ◽  
Huayu Shang ◽  
Yueqin Yang ◽  
Xiaomin Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Age Related

Skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (i.e., the decrease in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to anabolic stimuli such as amino acids and exercise) has been identified as a major cause of age-related sarcopenia, to which blunted nutrition-sensing contributes. In recent years, it has been suggested that a leucine sensor may function as a rate-limiting factor in skeletal MPS via small-molecule GTPase. Leucine-sensing and response may therefore have important therapeutic potential in the steady regulation of protein metabolism in aging skeletal muscle. This paper systematically summarizes the three critical processes involved in the leucine-sensing and response process: (1) How the coincidence detector mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 localizes on the surface of lysosome and how its crucial upstream regulators Rheb and RagB/RagD interact to modulate the leucine response; (2) how complexes such as Ragulator, GATOR, FLCN, and TSC control the nucleotide loading state of Rheb and RagB/RagD to modulate their functional activity; and (3) how the identified leucine sensor leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS) and stress response protein 2 (Sestrin2) participate in the leucine-sensing process and the activation of RagB/RagD. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanistic role of exercise and its interactions with leucine-sensing and anabolic responses.

Changes in protein during development of Triturus embryos

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-659
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Imoh ◽  
Tsutomu Minamidani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

The present paper reports basic data on DNA content, protein content, and protein synthesis in Triturus pyrrhogaster embryos during development from cleavage to the hatching stage. Except for measurements of DNA and total protein contents, embryos were labeled with sodium carbonate-14C for 10 h and fractionated into embryonic cell components, i.e. cytoplasmic mass, yolk and pigment granules, and nuclei, in a discontinuous density gradient of sucrose. The protein content and the radioactivity incorporated into protein were measured in each fraction. Those fractions combining protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3 and in 0·25 N-HCl were further studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the newt embryo, four stages of active DNA increase were observed when cultured at constant temperature; they were gastrula, neurula, late tail-bud, and before-hatching stages. Total protein per embryo decreased from 3 to 2 mg during the development studied. The content of cytoplasmic soluble protein per embryo was low and constant throughout development. Synthesis of the fraction was observed at the earliest stage of development studied though the rate was not high and specific activity of the soluble protein increased during development. Qualitative changes in the newly synthesized protein were observed. With the yolk fraction, synthesis of protein, other than from probable contamination with the cytoplasmic fraction, was not detected and a detailed description was omitted. Changes were observed at two stages of development in the synthesis of nuclear protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3, the first at gastrulation and the second at late tail-bud stage. The change at gastrulation seemed to be the start of syntheses of the nuclear soluble proteins, while quantitative enhancement rather than qualitative change was noticed at late tail-bud stage. Most of the nuclear protein soluble in 0·25 N-HCI was histone. The histone content increased in accordance with increase in the DNA content and the rate of DNA accumulation was accompanied by proportionate incorporation of radioactivity into histone. Among histone fractions, unique behaviour of the very lysine-rich histone was observed. The availability of [14C]sodium carbonate in rough estimations of protein synthesis in embryos and significance of the data obtained have been discussed.

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