Density of the burrowing scorpion Urodacus armatus (Scorpiones; Scorpionidae) in relation to vegetation types: implications for population decline following agricultural clearing

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
G. T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Annual Cohort ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

The density of the burrowing scorpion Urodacus armatus in relation to vegetation type was assessed by counting the number of burrows, both the annual cohort of dispersing second instar and all older scorpions. The counts were made in 18 two metre wide transects across a 730 ha portion of Durokoppin Nature Reserve in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia. Densities were highest in woodlands (593/ha to 1950/ha), whereas in shrub and mallee associations densities were considerable lower (47/ha to 382/ha). Productivity, as measured by the ratio of second to older instar scorpions, ranged from 0.42 in low, open heath to 2.68 in Wandoo/Salmon Gum Eucalyptus capillosa/E. salmonophloia woodland. However, the correlation between productivity and the density of older scorpions in the vegetation associations was not significant. Total population in the study area was 254 954, of which 165 934 were second instar scorpions. Biomass estimates for second instar and older scorpions were 12 kg and 156 kg respectively. Observations throughout the wheatbelt indicated that the relationship between density and vegetation was comparable to that found in the study area. Using the data on the areas of the vegetation associations in the Avon Botanical District, before and after agricultural clearing (Beard and Sprenger 1984), and the densities in the present study, the abundance and biomass, pre- and post-clearing were calculated. The standing population (excluding the annual cohort) would have been of the order of 1.2 billion, with an annual influx of 2.6 billion. The biomasses would have been 690 tonnes and 210 tonnes respectively. Clearing reduced the area of habitat by 86% and the standing population by 92% and in woodland by 97%. The implications of these results for other species are discussed.

A Study on Complexity of Major Vegetation Types in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2459-2462
Author(s):  
Zong Han Li ◽  
Hua Yong Zhang ◽  
Fei Li ◽  
Xiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vegetation Patches ◽  
Dimension Index

In this study, fractal dimension index is applied to describe the complexity of 11 vegetation groups and 5 needle-leaf forest vegetation types in China. Basing on the Vegetation Map of China, we calculate the perimeter and area of vegetation patches with the software ArcGis. The relationship between perimeter and area is established for each vegetation group and vegetation type, and the corresponding fractal dimension index is estimated. The results show that, among the 11 vegetation groups, the Alpine vegetation is the most complex vegetation. In the 5 needle-leaf forest types, the subtropical and tropical mountains needle-leaf forest is the most complex vegetation. It seems that the complexity of vegetation is associated with altitude. The topography may be responsible for the complexity at different scales.

scholarly journals Effects of Vegetation Type on Soil Shear Strength in Fengyang Mountain Nature Reserve, China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xuefei Cheng ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Miaojing Meng ◽  
Zhaohui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Shear Resistance ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Soil Shear Strength ◽  
Leaved Forest

Shear strength is an important mechanical property of soil, as its mechanical function plays critical roles in reducing land degradation and preventing soil erosion. However, shear strength may be affected by vegetation type through changes in the soil and root patterns. To understand the influences of different types of vegetation on shear strength, the soil shear indices of three typical vegetation types (broad-leaved forest, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest, and grassland) were studied and evaluated at the Fengyang Mountain Nature Reserve, China. We employed a direct shear apparatus to measure the soil shear resistance index. We quantified the soil porosity, moisture content, and composition of particle size to determine the properties of the soil, and a root scanner was used to quantify the root index. The results revealed that there were significant differences in shear resistance indices at the stand level. Between the three vegetation types, the internal friction angle of the broad-leaved forest was the largest and the cohesion was the smallest. The soil moisture content and porosity of the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest were higher than those of the broad-leaved forest, and the root volume density (RVD/cm3) of the broad-leaved forest was higher than that of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and grassland. Structural equation modeling results show that the soil particle size and root characteristics indirectly impacted the soil water content by affecting porosity, which finally affected shear strength. In general, there were significant differences in soil properties and plant root indices between the different stands, which had an impact on soil shear strength.

scholarly journals Models of transmission of COVID-19 with time under the influence of meteorological determinants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atin Adhikari ◽  
Shilpi Ghosh ◽  
Moon M. Sen ◽  
Rathin Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBased on the statistical analyses of the data on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and meteorological determinants in some of the severely affected cities in Spain, Italy and the USA, some models are constructed showing the relationship of I′ (the number of infected individuals divided by the total population of a city) with temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and time. Three models are based on the data before lockdown/travel restrictions in these cities, and the other three models are based on data both before and after lockdown/travel restrictions. These models, in general, indicate that the transmission of COVID-19 could be relatively high either for elevated temperatures with lower relative humidity or for lower temperatures with higher relative humidity conditions. Although one model indicates exponential increase in number of infection cases with time, the more statistically significant models show that the number of cases varies quadratically with time. We have discussed in short, how all these features could be linked with the alterations of structural characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Finally, the possibility of natutal disappearance of COVID-19 pandemic, at the global level, has been discussed in the context of the most statistically significant model.

scholarly journals Genetic and functional diversity of soil bacteria and fungi from different microhabitats in a karst region in Southern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-132
Author(s):  
Xinru Li ◽  
Min Zhou ◽  
Yidong Mi ◽  
Haiyan Chen ◽  
Hailei Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Little is known about the difference between bacterial and fungal genetic and functional diversity in karst regions of south China. In this study, the genetic and functional diversity of bacteria and fungi in nine types of soil microenvironments in the karst region in Maolan National Nature Reserve in Guizhou were investigated by PCR-DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) and BIOLOG EcoPlates. Maolan National Nature Reserve is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and plays an important role in protecting the karst forest ecosystem and rare and endangered wild animals and plants in central Asia. The results showed that the diversity of both bacteria and fungi was high and the main factors influencing the diversity of bacteria and fungi were different. The bacterial community structure from different microhabitats under the same vegetation type had higher similarity than similar microhabitats in different vegetation types, which could indicate that the bacterial community structure was mainly controlled by vegetation. For fungi, similar microhabitat species under different vegetation types had higher similarities than different microhabitats species under the same vegetation type, which could indicate that the fungal community structure is mainly controlled by microhabitats. In addition, the metabolic patterns of similar microhabitats in different vegetation were different, while the metabolic patterns of different microhabitats in the same vegetation were not obviously different. In conclusion, the effect of vegetation types on soil microbial functional diversity was greater than that of microhabitats, and this difference was reflected by the different degrees of influence on soil microbial genetic diversity and community structure.

Variations in Distribution of Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus-Ocydromus, in the Tutanning Nature Reserve and Their Impact on Adjacent Farmland

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
DE Steven
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Animal Density ◽  
Vegetation Characteristics ◽  
One Year ◽  
Open Woodland ◽  
Eucalyptus Wandoo ◽  
Made In

The distribution of western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus, within the Tutanning Nature Reserve, near Pingelly W.A., was monitored for six years from faecal accumulation on fixed transects throughout the reserve, and from locations of animals sighted. Animal density varied between the eastern and western halves of the reserve, but this variation could not be explained by differences in the vegetation characteristics that were measured. Significantly more use was made by the kangaroos of Eucalyptus wandoo-E. accedens open woodland than of dense areas of Casuarina huegliana or of tall kwongan vegetation. Animal numbers declined by 40% in 1982 (from 800 to 500), a drought year, and remained at this lower level for the final three years of the study. The numbers of animals seen on farmland at night were higher on crops than on pastures, and higher in areas adjacent to parts of the reserve with greater densities of kangaroos. The proportion of the population seen on farmland on any one night varied seasonally, but averaged 4.5% in 1981, before the population decline, to 5.6% in 1983, a year of very low winter rainfall. Estimation of crop damage made in one year shows that damage was restricted to those parts within 100 m of the reserve. The crop losses appear to be around 1% of paddock yields.

scholarly journals Reclaiming Rangoon: (Post-)imperial urbanism and poverty, 1920–62

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1856-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL SUGARMAN
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between poverty in Rangoon and the ways in which both an imperial and a post-imperial urbanism helped ‘improve’, develop, and reclaim Rangoon's urban environment. Examining the actions of the Rangoon Development Trust before and after the Second World War in the context of actions taken by the Bombay Improvement Trust, Bombay Development Directorate, Singapore Improvement Trust, and Hong Kong Housing Authority, it both analyses measures taken in Rangoon and constructs a connective history of urban development in relation to other Asian port cities. Incorporating documents released only in 2014 by the National Archives of Myanmar, this analysis for the first time considers interventions made in Rangoon's post-war built environment of poverty, connecting these actions to policies constructed over the preceding decades.

Parents' Ratings of the Acceptability of Behavioral Treatment Recommendations Made in an Outpatient Clinic: A Preliminary Analysis of the Influence of Treatment Effectiveness

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Reimers ◽  
David P. Wacker
Keyword(s):  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Behavior Management ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parental Ratings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Children’S Behavior Problems ◽  
Made In

Ratings of acceptability were obtained from 20 parents who came to a behavior management outpatient clinic for assistance with their children's behavior problems. Ratings of treatment acceptability were obtained both before and after a behavioral treatment recommendation was proposed to assess the relationship between acceptability and outcomes of the proposed recommendations. Results indicated that those composites which were significantly related to acceptability initially (disruption and willingness) were shown to have less of an impact on acceptability once the treatment had been attempted. Instead, parental ratings of the effectiveness of the treatment had the largest influence on acceptability. The need to replicate these findings in other settings with a larger population is warranted based on these results.

Fungi consumed by translocated Gilbert's potoroos (Potorous gilbertii) at two sites with contrasting vegetation, south coastal Western Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Bougher ◽  
J. A. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
South West ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

Gilbert’s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) was previously widespread in south-west Australia but is now restricted to one location – a granitic area of shrubby heath at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve on the south coast of Western Australia. To alleviate the threat of extinction a program is under way to establish potoroos in other locations. At Two Peoples Bay Gilbert’s potoroos feed almost exclusively on truffle fungi. However, it was not known whether potoroos translocated to any new areas would be able to rapidly access and consume fungi after translocation, or whether truffles could be a sustainable food supporting breeding populations of potoroos in translocation sites. Furthermore, it was not known whether translocation of potoroos would be successful only in areas with vegetation similar to their refuge at Two Peoples Bay. The current study addressed these questions by analysing the diet of potoroos translocated into two contrasting areas – one on Bald Island with similar topography and vegetation to that of Two Peoples Bay, and the other a 14-ha enclosure on the mainland dominated by Eucalyptus–Allocasuarina woodland. The diet of potoroos was characterised by microscopic examination of scats from individuals trapped after their translocation to these areas. At Bald Island a diverse range of fungi was consumed immediately after translocation. Four potoroos released onto the island only 4–8 days previously consumed 23 species of fungi. Consumption was sustained over time. Three potoroos released onto Bald Island 1–2 years previously and one island-born individual consumed 27 species of fungi during a two-day sampling period. Nine of the 27 fungi species were the same as those that had been consumed by the potoroos within days after their release onto the island. This indicates that production of fungi and their consumption by potoroos on the island was sustained at least 1–2 years after translocation. Potoroos bred on Bald Island during this period. During the same period, two potoroos that were moved from captivity to the mainland site (Ryedene) were consuming six species of truffles within 29 days after release, and 14 species within three months. Such data indicate that a wider selection of vegetation types and areas than just those similar to where potoroos occur at Two Peoples Bay may be able to sustain potoroos and should be investigated for future translocations.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Kind of Delivery and 5 Indexes of Mother and Baby's Health Before and After Implementing Health Reform Plan in Selected Hospitals of Azarbaijan Sharghi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosin Jabari ◽  
Behyane Seyedamini ◽  
Elahe navvabi ◽  
Salah Salah
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Introduction and aim: To improve the individuals' health, reforms should be made in the health systems. As a result, assessing the impacts of reforms is a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the health system. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between the kind of delivery and the five indexes of mother and baby's health before and after implementing the health reform plan in selected hospitals of Azarbaijan Sharghi, Iran. Issues and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2017. The study was conducted among eight educational, medical, and private hospitals. Before and after the program, 800 files were selected using simple random sampling method. The researcher made a check list with confirmed validity to extract the data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and T-tests by SPSS-22.  Results: The average age of mothers in the two intervals was 27 years. Most participants did not deliver before and their education was diploma or lower. The rate of natural delivery from 34.5% (before the plan) reached 44.2% (after the plan)(p<0.05). The rate of mothers and babies' mortality reduced from 0.3 and 0.8 to 0 and 0.5, respectively. Mothers and babies' mortality and stillbirth had no significant difference based on the kind of delivery (p>0.05). Conclusion: Findings indicated significant increase of natural delivery after the reform plan in health system. Moreover, the rate of mothers and babies' mortality decreased. These results can guide the policymakers for deciding about the course of plan and its review.

The Distribution of the Nests of the Magpie Goose (Anseranas-Semipalmata Latham) at Kapalga, Nt - a 4-Year Study

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Tulloch ◽  
KM Cellier ◽  
AL Hertog
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Oryza Meridionalis ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
One Year ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

A survey of the distribution and abundance of nests of the magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata Latham) was carried out over 4 years (1980-83 inclusive) at a site covering about 1000 ha on the South Alligator River floodplain at Kapalga, N.T. There were large differences in the number of nests built from year to year. Maximum water depth on the plains and the length of time the plains were flooded varied considerably from year to year and since these factors have an effect on the type and distribution of the vegetation, a study of the relationship between the density of nests, water depth and the vegetation present was made in each year. Breeding was confined to three recognisable vegetation types: (1) a mixture of spike rushes, Eleocharis spp., and wild rice, Oryza meridionalis; (2) pure stands of Oryza meridionalis; (3) pure stands of Eleocharis sphacelata. The density of nests was higher in areas of Eleocharis spp./Oryza meridionalis mixture than in E. sphacelata or 0. rneridionalis and in 3 years out of 4, more nests were built in deep water rather than shallow, while in the fourth year nests were built at intermediate water depths. Significant numbers of nests were built in the areas of Oryza meridionalis in only one year when the density of nests was greater in deep water rather than shallow.

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