The role of multiple mating and extra-pair paternity in creating and reinforcing boundaries between species in birds

2010 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity

Extra-pair paternity and the reproductive role of male floaters in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Kempenaers ◽  
Susie Everding ◽  
Cheryl Bishop ◽  
Peter Boag ◽  
Raleigh J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Tachycineta Bicolor ◽  
Tree Swallow ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity

scholarly journals Extra-pair paternity and antiparasitic defence

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Pape Møller ◽  
Jørgen Skavdal Søraker ◽  
Juan José Soler
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Uropygial Gland ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Expected Benefits

Abstract Background Extra-pair paternity (EPP) in birds provides benefits in terms of more offspring, and characteristics for maintenance of this behaviour have been the subject of investigation. Microorganisms are known to be transmitted during mating, especially when mating with multiple partners, and factors reducing this cost of multiple mating are expected. Further, plumage brightness and colour intensity have been shown to be important traits to benefits from multiple mating as predicted by sexual selection. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the rate of extra-pair paternity and the relative size of the uropygial gland at the interspecific level, as the uropygial gland is an exocrine gland hypothesized to produce antiparasitic substances and further identified to affect plumage brightness. Because of the expected benefits of large uropygial gland in scenarios of sexual selection, we predicted a positive correlation with EPP. Methods We collected information from the literature of uropygial gland size and frequency of extra-pair paternity of 60 avian species of different families and explored the predicted positive correlation between them. We did so with means of comparative analyses that considered phylogenetic relationship as random factor and included body mass as covariate. We used Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed models that were weighted by number of nests used to estimate extra-pair paternity. Results We detected a positive relationship between level of extra-pair paternity and uropygial gland size at an interspecific level. This finding is consistent with the prediction. Conclusions We discuss the importance of this result in scenarios of sexual selection and argue that the detected relationship may have arisen by utilizing antiparasitic secretions through secondary sexual characters indicating parasite resistance.

scholarly journals Role of simple and complex aggregates inEscherichia coliHfr × F−matings

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Broda ◽  
J. F. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Recombinant Cells

SUMMARYAnalysis of tetraparental Hfr × F−matings ofEscherichia colistrains showed that mating complexes were predominantly pairs or small aggregates of cells. Many physically associated complexes of donor and recipient cells gave rise to no recombinant cells. The observed linkage of genetic markers in recombinants is sensitive to multiple mating events, and should therefore be measured under well-defined conditions giving pairwise matings only.

scholarly journals Polyandry as a mediator of sexual selection before and after mating

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1613) ◽  
pp. 20120042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotta Kvarnemo ◽  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Potential Reproductive Rate

The Darwin–Bateman paradigm recognizes competition among males for access to multiple mates as the main driver of sexual selection. Increasingly, however, females are also being found to benefit from multiple mating so that polyandry can generate competition among females for access to multiple males, and impose sexual selection on female traits that influence their mating success. Polyandry can reduce a male's ability to monopolize females, and thus weaken male focused sexual selection. Perhaps the most important effect of polyandry on males arises because of sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Polyandry favours increased male ejaculate expenditure that can affect sexual selection on males by reducing their potential reproductive rate. Moreover, sexual selection after mating can ameliorate or exaggerate sexual selection before mating. Currently, estimates of sexual selection intensity rely heavily on measures of male mating success, but polyandry now raises serious questions over the validity of such approaches. Future work must take into account both pre- and post-copulatory episodes of selection. A change in focus from the products of sexual selection expected in males, to less obvious traits in females, such as sensory perception, is likely to reveal a greater role of sexual selection in female evolution.

scholarly journals Female aggression predicts mode of paternity acquisition in a social lizard

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1664) ◽  
pp. 2021-2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M. While ◽  
David L. Sinn ◽  
Erik Wapstra
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Territory Size ◽  
Female Aggression ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behavioural Phenotypes

Individual differences in behaviour are ubiquitous in nature. Despite the likely role of selection in maintaining these differences, there are few demonstrations of their fitness consequences in wild populations and, consequently, the mechanisms that link behavioural variation to variation in fitness are poorly understood. Specifically, the consequences of consistent individual differences in behaviour for the evolution of social and mating strategies have rarely been considered. We examined the functional links between variation in female aggression and her social and mating strategies in a wild population of the social lizard Egernia whitii . We show that female Egernia exhibit temporally consistent aggressive phenotypes, which are unrelated to body size, territory size or social density. A female's aggressive phenotype, however, has strong links to her mode of paternity acquisition (within- versus extra-pair paternity), with more aggressive females having more offspring sired by extra-pair males than less aggressive females. We discuss the potential mechanisms by which female aggression could underpin mating strategies, such as the pursuit/acceptance of extra-pair copulations. We propose that a deeper understanding of the evolution and maintenance of social and mating systems may result from an explicit focus on individual-level female behavioural phenotypes and their relationship with key reproductive strategies.

scholarly journals The Role of Spousal Separation on Norms Related to Gender and Sexuality among Himba Pastoralists

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Brooke Scelza ◽  
Sean Prall ◽  
Kathrine Starkweather
Keyword(s):  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Extra Pair Paternity ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Specific

The gender-specific labor demands of arid pastoralism often lead to spousal separation. Men typically respond in one of two ways: engage in mate guarding tactics, or loosen restrictions on female sexuality. Among Himba pastoralists in northwest Namibia, the latter strategy is dominant. Rooted in a history of matriliny, Himba have strong norms promoting female sexual autonomy. We propose that these conditions, combined with a stochastic resource base, have led to women utilizing a combination of formal and informal partnerships to meet their needs and the needs of their children. Aspects of Himba socioecology also increase the costs of mate guarding for men and lower the costs of extra-pair paternity, further bolstering a concurrency strategy. Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative data, we show how spousal separation, female autonomy, and concurrency are linked, and suggest that in this harsh environment having a mix of formal and informal romantic partners may be less costly and more beneficial than a system of monogamous marriage.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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