Resistance of bound chloroguaiacols and AOX from pulp mill effluent to degradation by Trichoderma harzianum isolated from Lake Bonney, south-eastern South Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Van Leeuwen ◽  
BC Nicholson ◽  
KP Hayes ◽  
DE Mulcahy
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Halogenated Organic Compounds ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Chlorine Bleaching ◽  
Sulfite Pulp

Previous studies have shown that chlorophenolic compounds persisted in water and sediments of Lake Bonney, south-eastern South Australia, following discontinuation of chlorine bleaching at a sulfite pulp mill that discharged effluent into the lake. Although free and bound chlorophenolics were detected in the lake after discontinuation of chlorine bleaching, the predominant forms were found to be bound compounds. In assessing the persistence of chlorophenolics in the lake, fungi were isolated from the lake water and studied for their capacities to degrade these compounds. One fungus, Trichoderma harzianum, was found to be capable of reducing concentrations of spiked (free) 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4,5-dichloroguaiacol, 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol and tetrachloroguaiacol in a mineral salts culture medium and concentrations of adsorbable halogenated organic compounds (AOX) attributable to the spiked compounds. This fungus was also found to be capable of dehalogenating free tetrachloroguaiacol in a mineral salts medium. Degradation of bound chloroguaiacols present in chlorination-stage effluent from the mill by Trichoderma harzianum was not detected in this study. The inability of this fungus to degrade bound chlorophenolics demonstrates the resistance of these compounds in bound form to biodegradation and may explain the persistence of some chlorophenolics in Lake Bonney.

Transformation of free tetrachloroguaiacol to bound compounds by fungi isolated from Lake Bonney, south-eastern South Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. van Leeuwen ◽  
B. C. Nicholson ◽  
G. Levay ◽  
K.P. Hayes ◽  
D. E. Mulcahy
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Mucor Circinelloides ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Chlorine Bleaching

Chlorophenolic compounds have persisted in water and sediments of Lake Bonney, south- eastern South Australia, following discontinuation of chlorine bleaching at a sulfite-based pulp mill that discharges effluent into the lake. During assessment of the persistence of chlorophenolics, several species of fungi isolated from lake water and from a drain that discharges mill effluent into the lake were studied for their capacities to degrade these compounds. Epicoccum sp., Mucor circinelloides and Penicillium expansum decreased concentrations of the free form of tetrachloroguaiacol in a mineral-salts medium. This was due not to degradation of the compound but to conversion to bound forms. These bound forms of tetrachloroguaiacol were resistant to degradation by a T. harzianum isolate that had previously been found capable of degrading free tetrachloroguaiacol.

Persistence of chlorophenolic compounds from pulp and paper mill discharges in Lake Bonney, south-eastern South Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Van Leeuwen ◽  
BC Nicholson ◽  
KP Hayes ◽  
DE Mulcahy
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

Chlorophenolic compounds were determined in water and sediment samples from Lake Bonney, south-eastern South Australia, following discontinuation of chlorine bleaching at the Apcel pulp mill (Kimberly-Clark Australia Pty Ltd) in September 1991. Concentrations of chlorophenolics in samples collected between July 1991 and January 1992 have already been reported. Free chlorophenolic compounds had declined rapidly in lake water by January 1992, but reductions in total concentrations (free and bound) in sediment samples were not observed. Further analyses were conducted between February 1992 and November 1993 and are reported in this paper. Both free and bound chlorophenolic compounds were detected in water and sediment samples during this period. Low concentrations (40 ng L-1) of the free form of chloroguaiacols were detected in lake water up to September 1992, whereas in March 1993 free chloroguaiacols were detected only in a drain that connects the mill to the lake and near the effluent discharge point to the lake. Most chloroguaiacols and chlorocatechols were bound and these declined in both sediments and waters during the study period.

Occurrence of Various Off-Flavours in Fish in Finland from 1969 to 1981

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kuusi ◽  
M Suihko
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Technical Research ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Numerical Scale

Off-flavours in fish were studied from 1969 to 1981 at the Food Research Laboratory of the Technical Research Centre of Finland using sensory methods. In all, 1982 samples of 18 species of Finnish fish, most of them suspected of being tainted, were studied. A trained taste panel scoring on a numerical scale of 0-10, where a score of 5 or less was unacceptable, was used. The off-flavours described were oil, kraft pulp mill effluent, sewage (musty), muddy, rancid, and others. Of all these samples, 34.9% were unacceptable. The most common off-flavour was kraft pulp mill effluent, present in 41.2 % of the unacceptable samples. In acceptable fish slight off-flavours were somet imes found. Of the muddy fish, only 35.2 % of the bream and 28.8 % of the northern pike were unacceptable. The panel was able to discriminate between the different off-flavours, but, in some cases, the boundaries were vague.

Characterization of odorous compounds from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Brownlee ◽  
S. L. Kenefick ◽  
G. A. MacInnis ◽  
S. E. Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Methyl Phenyl Sulfide ◽  
Library Spectrum

Odour compounds in extracts of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) have been characterized by olfactory gas chromatography (OGC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A variety of sulfury odours was detected by OGC in addition to woody and pulp mill-like odours. Three sulfur compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and partial mass spectra with authentic standards: dimethyl disulfide, 3-methylthiophene and thioanisole (methyl phenyl sulfide). Typical concentrations in BKME were 1, 0.05, and 0.5 μg/l, respectively. Their odour intensity is relatively low and they were not detected by OGC. Dimethyl trisulfide was tentatively identified by comparison of its partial mass spectrum with a literature (library) spectrum. Its concentration in BKME was estimated at 0.5-2 μg/l. It corresponded to a skunky odour in the OGC profiles. Efforts to identify another odour peak, eluting just after 3-methylthiophene, with a pronounced alkyl sulfide odour were unsuccessful.

Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Dubé ◽  
J. M. Culp
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME) on periphyton and chironomid growth in the Thompson River, British Columbia. Periphyton growth, as determined by increases in chlorophyll a, was significantly stimulated at all effluent concentrations tested (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and, 10.0%). Chironomid growth (individual weight) was also significantly stimulated at low effluent concentrations (≤1.0%). At higher concentrations (5.0% and 10.0%), chironomid growth was inhibited relative to the 1.0% treatment streams. Increases in growth were attributed to the effects of nutrient and organic enrichment from BKPME. The effluent contained high concentrations of phosphorus and appears to be an important source of carbon for benthic insects grazing on the biofilm. In high concentration effluent streams, chironomid growth decreased despite low levels of typical pulp mill contaminants. This suggests that other compounds in the effluent, such as wood extractives, may be inhibiting chironomid growth. These results support findings of field monitoring studies conducted in the Thompson River where changes in periphyton and chironomid abundance occurred downstream of the bleached kraft pulp mill.

Evaluation of the Sub-lethal Toxicity of Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent to Carassius auratus and Dicentrarchus labrax

2010 ◽  
Vol 217 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário S. Diniz ◽  
Ruth Pereira ◽  
Ana C. Freitas ◽  
Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos ◽  
Luisa Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Lethal Toxicity

The Status of the School Shark Fishery in South-Eastern Australian Waters

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean

The maximum yield of the school shark fishery in south-eastern Australian waters was 4.09 million lb in 1949. The catch has fluctuated since then about a declining trend to 3.18 million lb in 1956. In 1944, 7.3 hooks were required to catch a shark of mean weight 14.7 lb. In 1956 the number of hooks required was almost doubled: 13.6 hooks were needed to catch sharks of mean weight 13.7 lb; the catch per hook dropped from 2.01 to 0.99 lb. Whereas the catch per boat-month remained relatively stable at 4765 lb for 1944 and 4643 for 1956, the number of hooks used per boat-month increased from 2366 to 4668 hooks in 12 years. Throughout this period the mean weight of sharks in eastern Bass Strait remained fairly steady (11-13 lb) whereas there was a drop of 3 lb from a mean weight of 17-20 lb in the predominantly mature portion of the stock in western Bass Strait. Fishermen in South Australia have reported a comparable drop in the mean weight of sharks in their catches. During the period 1941-46 there was unrestricted inshore fishing of juveniles and pregnant females with a consequent severe drop in the inshore population. The subsequent decline in the annual total catch is believed to be due not only to a too intensive offshore fishery but also to the resultant reduced recruitment and depressed reproductive potential caused by the earlier destruction of juveniles and pregnant females. In the data presented in this paper there is evidence that the school shark fishery, which is operating on a single stock of sharks with a slow growth rate, a late sexual maturity, and a low fecundity, shows trends which are suggestive of depletion. Because similar trends in the soupfin shark fishery of California and in the dogfish fishery of British Columbia were followed by depletion, it has been inferred that regulations to protect the vulnerable phases of the life history of the school shark of Australia may be required. Measures for conservation are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document