Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell (Teraponidae), an endemic Australian freshwater teleost

R Guo; PB Mather; MF Capra

doi:10.1071/mf9950947

Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell (Teraponidae), an endemic Australian freshwater teleost

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf9950947 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 947 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

R Guo ◽

PB Mather ◽

MF Capra

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Ultrastructural Feature ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Freshwater Teleost ◽

Accessory Cells ◽

Tubular System ◽

Branchial Epithelium ◽

Australian Freshwater ◽

Freshwater Teleosts

Juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, were subjected to direct transfer from fresh water to various test salinities. No mortality was observed when the fish were transferred from fresh water to a salinity of 12, but 40% mortality was observed at a salinity of 15 after seven days. Pre-acclimation of silver perch to a salinity of 12 for seven days resulted in only marginally better survival at higher salinities. Plasma osmotic concentrations of silver perch rose slightly in salinities below 9 but rapidly at higher salinities, following the same track as the iso-osmotic line. Minimum body water content was observed in individuals subjected to a salinity of 15 for 24 h. As found in other freshwater teleosts, chloride cells were found in the branchial epithelium of silver perch. Accessory cells were observed beside the chloride cells in both freshwater and salt-water conditions. Fish subjected to a salinity of 12 for seven days showed chloride cells with a more developed tubular system than controls. The length of the junctions between chloride cells and accessory cells was significantly shorter in fish adapted to a salinity of 12 than in controls. The ultrastructural feature of 'interdigitations' of accessory cells was not observed during salt-water adaptation. These data indicate that silver perch is the least tolerant of high salinities and the most truly freshwater Australian teleost species examined to date.

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Why do hagfish have gill "chloride cells" when they need not regulate plasma NaCl concentration?

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z87-298 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (8) ◽

pp. 1956-1965 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jon Mallatt ◽

David M. Conley ◽

Richard L. Ridgway

Keyword(s):

Carbonic Anhydrase ◽

Ion Transport ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Gillichthys Mirabilis ◽

The Pacific ◽

Nacl Concentration ◽

Tubular System ◽

Freshwater Teleosts

Two enzymes implicated in branchial ion transport, Na+-K+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase, were localized in gill ionocytes ("chloride cells") of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, by light microscopic histochemical techniques. In hagfish, ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+-ATPase activity was confined to apical halves of ionocytes, where most of the cytoplasmic tubular system is located. In marine teleosts, Na+-K+-ATPase was noted in chloride cells and erythrocytes. Acetazolamide and potassium cyanate sensitive carbonic anhydrase activity occurred throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus of hagfish ionocytes. Biochemical assay of hagfish gill homogenates for Na+-K+-ATPase yielded a specific activity of 3.1 μmol Pi∙mg protein−1∙h−1 at 37 °C. This resembles values we obtained for freshwater fish (Carassius auratus: 3.3 μmol Pi∙mg protein−1∙h−1; Tilapia shirana: 3.7 μmol Pi∙mg protein−1∙h−1), and is less than values we obtained for marine teleosts (Pomacentrus spp.: 13 μmol Pi∙mg protein−1∙h−1; Gillichthys mirabilis: 6.7 μmol Pi∙mg protein−1∙h−1). Hagfish resemble freshwater teleosts in many other gill features related to ion transport. The presence of carbonic anhydrase in gill ionocytes of hagfish supports the proposal that these cells function in acid–base regulation, i.e., that they exchange H+ for Na+ and [Formula: see text] for Cl−.

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Accessory cells in teleost branchial epithelium

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1980.238.3.r199 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 238 (3) ◽

pp. R199-R206 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. R. Hootman ◽

C. W. Philpott

Keyword(s):

Chloride Cell ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Cell Type ◽

Pavement Cells ◽

Lagodon Rhomboides ◽

Accessory Cells ◽

A Cell ◽

Branchial Epithelium ◽

Atpase Localization

Correlated morphological and cytochemical investigations of the branchial epithelium of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, have revealed a cell type that is invariably associated with chloride cells. These cells, termed “accessory cells,” have been described previously in the teleost pseudobranch (Dunel and Laurent. J. Microsc. Biol. Cell 16:53-74, 1973) but not in the gill proper. Accessory cells are more numerous in pinfish adapted to seawater than to 33% seawater, and in the former participate with chloride cells in the formation of apical crypts. Although accessory cells are much smaller than chloride cells, they possess numerous mitochondria and display an abbreviated labyrinth of plasma membrane-derived tubules. The labyrinth membranes of accessory cells are essentially unreactive, however, when processed for Na-K-ATPase localization by K-nitrophenylphosphatase cytochemistry, whereas chloride cell membranes exhibit copious, ouabain-sensitive reaction products. The zonulae occludentes between accessory cells and chloride cells also appear to be less extensive than those between either of these cells and the flanking pavement cells. These features suggest that accessory cells represent a population of partially differentiated chloride cells.

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A dense cell in the epithelium of the gill lamellae of the fresh-water brook trout, salvelinus fontinalis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100083114 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

C. M. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Brook Trout ◽

Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽

Salt Water ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Salmo Gairdneri ◽

Basal Nucleus ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Gill Lamellae

Introduction Unspecialized, dark, chloride and mucous cells have been described in the epithelium of the gill lamellae of Salmo gairdneri and the chloride cell of fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis has been described. In the course of other studies we found another cell type in the epithelium of fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis, which is described in the following account.Methods Six fresh-water brook trout, and two adapted to salt-water were killed by a blow on the head, and gill filaments were removed, fixed in Karnovsky's fixative then osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in acetone and embedded in epoxy resin. Thin sections for electron microscopy were stained with 25% uranyl acetate in methanol and lead citrate.Observations The epithelial cells described in Salmo gairdneri were also found in Salvelinus fontinalis, but another type was seen in fresh-water Salvelinus fontinalis. These cells were often as large as chloride cells and had a similar shape, but the cytoplasm and basal nucleus were usually darker, round vesicles were present in the apical cytoplasm, and large membrane-bound bodies were often present in the basal cytoplasm (Fig. 1).

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In vivo sequential changes in chloride cell morphology in the yolk-sac membrane of mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae during seawater adaptation

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.202.24.3485 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 202 (24) ◽

pp. 3485-3495 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. Hiroi ◽

T. Kaneko ◽

M. Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Sea Water ◽

Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽

Yolk Sac ◽

Chloride Cell ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Seawater Adaptation ◽

Accessory Cells

Changes in chloride cell morphology were examined in the yolk-sac membrane of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) embryos and larvae transferred from fresh water to sea water. By labelling chloride cells with DASPEI, a fluorescent probe specific for mitochondria, we observed in vivo sequential changes in individual chloride cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In embryos transferred from fresh water to sea water 3 days after fertilization, 75 % of chloride cells survived for 96 h, and cells showed a remarkable increase in size. In contrast, the cell size did not change in embryos and larvae kept in fresh water. The same rate of chloride cell turnover was observed in both fresh water and sea water. Using differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and whole-mount immunocytochemistry with anti-Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, we classified chloride cells into three developmental stages: a single chloride cell without an apical pit, a single chloride cell with an apical pit, and a multicellular complex of chloride and accessory cells with an apical pit. DIC and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that single chloride cells enlarged and were frequently indented by newly differentiated accessory cells to form multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation. These results indicate that freshwater-type single chloride cells are transformed into seawater-type multicellular complexes during seawater adaptation, suggesting plasticity in the ion-transporting functions of chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane of tilapia embryos and larvae.

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FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORIDE CELLS FROM THREE SPECIES OF FUNDULUS

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.18.2.389 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 389-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 193

Author(s):

C. W. Philpott ◽

D. E. Copeland

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Amorphous Material ◽

Pond Water ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Secretory Cycle ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Wide Range

A morphological basis for osmoregulation in the teleosts was studied by comparing the fine structure of chloride cells found in epithelia of the gills of three species of fish: Fundulus heteroclitus which can survive in a wide range of salinities, and F. similis and F. chrysotus which are usually restricted to salt water and fresh water environments, respectively. Gills were removed from F. heteroclitus which had been laboratory adapted to either sea water or pond water. For a comparison, gills were also removed from the marine F. similis and the fresh water F. chrysotus which had been adapted to their natural environments. Gill-filaments were fixed in Millonig's phosphate buffered (pH 7.4), 1 per cent osmium tetroxide and were embedded in Epon. Thin sections of filaments were stained with lead hydroxide. The cytoplasm of chloride cells of all three species of Fundulus is heavily populated with mitochondria and is filled with tubules of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An orderly secretory cycle was indicated for chloride cells of salt water adapted F. heteroclitus and the marine F. similis. An amorphous material is observed in the agranular ER. Its density increases towards the apical end of the cell. In the apical cytoplasm, tubules of the agranular ER appear to converge and to discharge the amorphous material into an apical cavity. Except for the actual opening of the apical cavity, the distal end of salt water adapted chloride cells is characteristically shielded from the hypertonic environment by thin cytoplasmic flanges projecting from the neighboring epithelial cells. Chloride cells of the fresh water F. chrysotus resemble chloride cells of pond water adapted F. heteroclitus, in that these cells do not have apical cavities with the functional appearance of those in the sea water adapted forms. The distal end of fresh water adapted chloride cells is typically exposed to the free surface of the gill-filament. The possible function of the cell type is discussed.

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The mechanism of adaptation to varying salinity the common eel and the general problem of osmotic regulation in fishes

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ◽

10.1098/rspb.1933.0002 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 112 (776) ◽

pp. 184-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

General Problem ◽

Blood Concentration ◽

Salt Water ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Osmotic Regulation ◽

Teleost Fishes ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Fish Blood ◽

The Common

The teleost fishes live in two different environments, the fresh water of lakes and rivers, and the salt water of the sea. With few and unimportant exceptions, these habitats are, respectively, very much hypotonic and very much hypertonic to the fish blood. In both cases continual performance of osmotic work is required for the maintenance of the normal blood concentration. The vast majority of fishes are able to exist only in one type of environment, although some variation in that environment is tolerated. The most pronounced exceptions are various species of the eel, Anguilla ; other species showing similar but generally less ability include the salmon, the stickleback (genus Gasterosteus ), and some of the Cyprinodonidæ, notably species of Fundulus . All species of teleosts, apparently, show adaptive responses in blood concentration to slight changes in the salinity of the environment, and the work of many investigators, particularly Duval (1925) and Smith (1930), indicates that the adaptive responses and mechanisms in the eel differ only in degree from those in the osmotically less resistant fishes. The “chloride cells” of the eel gills discovered recently (Keys and Willmer, 1932), were found in all species of fish examined, and were present merely in greatest numbers in the eel.

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The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt adaptation.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.80.1.96 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 96-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 209

Author(s):

C Sardet ◽

M Pisam ◽

J Maetz

Keyword(s):

Salt Water ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Chloride Cell ◽

Chloride Cells ◽

Surface Epithelium ◽

Salt Adaptation ◽

Resistance Pathway ◽

Shallow Junctions ◽

Respiratory Cells

Various species of teleostean fishes were adapted to fresh or salt water and their gill surface epithelium was examined using several techniques of electron microscopy. In both fresh and salt water the branchial epithelium is mostly covered by flat respiratory cells. They are characterized by unusual outer membrane fracture faces containing intramembranous particles and pits in various stages of ordered aggregation. Freeze fracture studies showed that the tight junctions between respiratory cells are made of several interconnecting strands, probably representing high resistance junctions. The organization of intramembranous elements and the morphological characteristics of the junctions do not vary in relation to the external salinity. Towards the base of the secondary gill lamellae, the layer of respiratory cells is interrupted by mitochondria-rich cells ("chloride cells"), also linked to respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. There is a fundamental reorganization of the chloride cells associated with salt water adaptation. In salt water young adjacent chloride cells send interdigitations into preexisting chloride cells. The apex of the seawater chloride cell is therefore part of a mosaic of sister cells linked to surrounding respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. The chloride cells are linked to each other by shallow junctions made of only one strand and permeable to lanthanum. It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells. Chloride cells are characterized by an extensive tubular reticulum which is an extension of the basolateral plasma membrane. It is made of repeating units and is the site of numerous ion pumps. The presence of shallow junctions in sea water-adapted fish makes it possible for the reticulum to contact the external milieu. In contrast in the freshwater-adapted fish the chloride cell's tubular reticulum is separated by deep apical junctions from the external environment. Based on these observations we discuss how solutes could transfer across the epithelium.

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XII. An easy method to distill fresh water from salt water at sea; by Capt. Newland

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rstl.1772.0013 ◽

1772 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 90-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Easy Method

The materials necessary for this process are the following; a copper or iron pot of 15 or 20 gallons, an empty cask, some sheet lead, a small jar, a few wood-ashes or soap, and billet-wood for fewel.

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