Mobilization of PAH from polluted seabed and uptake in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Naes ◽  
T Bakke ◽  
R Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Seabed Sediment ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Set Up

In several Norwegian fjords that have received effluents from smelters, there are significant accumulations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediments; near the outfalls, concentrations may reach several hundred μg total PAH g-1. As the smelters are now implementing measures to clean up and reduce discharges, the accumulations from previous discharges could assume greater relative importance as a potential source. In order to give an assessment of the significance of sedimentary PAH 'hot spots' in Norwegian smelter-affected fjords, an experiment was performed in which seabed sediment sections (0.5 × 0.5 m, 1.3 to 543 μg total PAH g-1) were collected from the Oslo-, Sauda- and Sunndalsfjords and placed in an experimental set-up in which Oslofjord water taken from a depth of 40 m was passed over the sediment surfaces. The mobilization experiments indicated that a natural seabed containing 100 μg PAH g-1, and with a resuspension (due to bioturbation) within an expected natural range, might give an annual contribution to the overlying water of the order of 20 kg PAH km-2. Mussels continuously exposed to the water from the test sediments accumulated PAH in a clear response to concentrations in sediments and water and to the degree of resuspension. PAH from the Saudalsfjord were apparently more bioavailable than those from the Sunndalsfjord, and it is argued that a more rapid accumulation in the former case was stimulated by an elevated organic carbon content in the sediment.

scholarly journals Comparison of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Consortia from Surface and Deep Waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Characterization and Degradation Potential

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2246
Author(s):  
Georgia Charalampous ◽  
Efsevia Fragkou ◽  
Konstantinos A. Kormas ◽  
Alexandre B. De Menezes ◽  
Paraskevi N. Polymenakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Set Up

The diversity and degradation capacity of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia from surface and deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea were studied in time-series experiments. Microcosms were set up in ONR7a medium at in situ temperatures of 25 °C and 14 °C for the Surface and Deep consortia, respectively, and crude oil as the sole source of carbon. The Deep consortium was additionally investigated at 25 °C to allow the direct comparison of the degradation rates to the Surface consortium. In total, ~50% of the alkanes and ~15% of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were degraded in all treatments by Day 24. Approximately ~95% of the total biodegradation by the Deep consortium took place within 6 days regardless of temperature, whereas comparable levels of degradation were reached on Day 12 by the Surface consortium. Both consortia were dominated by well-known hydrocarbon-degrading taxa. Temperature played a significant role in shaping the Deep consortia communities with Pseudomonas and Pseudoalteromonas dominating at 25 °C and Alcanivorax at 14 °C. Overall, the Deep consortium showed a higher efficiency for hydrocarbon degradation within the first week following contamination, which is critical in the case of oil spills, and thus merits further investigation for its exploitation in bioremediation technologies tailored to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Simplified Method for GC/MS Qualitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Organic Pesticides Using PARADISe Computer Program

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3727
Author(s):  
Łukasz Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Standard Mixture ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Organic Pesticides

For complex matrices such as environmental samples, there is usually a problem with not fully resolved peaks during GC/MS analysis. The PARADISe computer program (based on the PARFAC2 model) allows the identification of peaks using the deconvoluted mass spectra and the NIST MS library. The number of repetitions required by this software (at least five) is a real limitation for the determination of semi-volatile compounds, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organic pesticides in environmental samples. In this work, the method to overcome this condition was proposed and evaluated. The sets of the five files required by PARADISe were prepared by mathematically modifying the original GC/MS chromatograms obtained for the standard mixture (C = 2 µg/mL of 40 compounds) and real sample extracts (soil samples with different total organic carbon content and one cardboard extract) spiked with standards. Total average match factor for all the substances identified in a standard mixture was 874 (near 900—“excellent match”), and for all the substances in the real samples, it was 786 (near 800—“good match”). The results from PARADISe were comparable to those obtained with other programs: AMDIS (NIST) and MassHunter (Agilent), tested also in this work. PARADISe software can be effectively used for chromatogram deconvolution and substance identification.

A REVIEW OF RECENT GEOLOGICAL WORK IN THE OFFICER BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Pitt ◽  
M.C. Benbow ◽  
Bridget C. Youngs
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Petroleum Potential ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Carbonate Sequence ◽  
Geological Work ◽  
Australian Department

The Officer Basin of South and Western Australia, in its broadest definition, contains a sequence of Late Proterozoic to pre-Permian strata with an unknown number of stratigraphic breaks. Recent investigations by the South Australian Department of Mines and Energy (SADME), which included helicopter-based geological surveys and stratigraphic drilling, have upgraded the petroleum potential of the basin.SADME Byilkaoora-1, drilled in the northeastern Officer Basin in 1979, contained hydrocarbon shows in the form of oil exuding from partly sealed vugs and fractures in argillaceous carbonates. Equivalent carbonates were intersected in SADME Marla-1A and 1B. Previously, in 1976, SADME Murnaroo-1 encountered shales and carbonates with moderate organic carbon content overlying a thick potential reservoir sandstone, while SADME Wilkinson-1, drilled in 1978, contained a carbonate sequence with marginally mature to mature oil-prone source rocks. Acritarchs extracted from the last mentioned carbonates indicate an Early Cambrian age.All ?Cambrian carbonate sequences recognised to date in the Officer Basin of South Australia are correlated with the Observatory Hill Beds, which are now considered to be the major potential source of petroleum in the eastern Officer Basin.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN OFFICER AND ARROWIE BASINS: A FRAMEWORK FOR CAMBRIAN OIL SEARCH

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Gravestock ◽  
J.E. Hibburt
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Reservoir Quality ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
The North ◽  
Subaerial Exposure ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Playa Lake

The Early Cambrian eastern Officer and Arrowie Basins share a common sequence stratigraphic framework despite their contrasting settings. The Arrowie Basin was initially a shallow marine shelf between two land masses with moderate to abrupt shelf-ramp and shelf-slope profiles deepening to the north and south. Tectonic activity subsequently restricted open marine access to the north resulting in evaporite and red bed deposition. In the eastern Officer Basin epeiric sea sediments had open marine access only to the northeast. The palaeoslope was low and surrounding land supplied abundant siliciclastics. Following marine withdrawal alkaline playa lake and evaporitic mudflat deposits spread across the hinterland. Potential source rocks in the Arrowie Basin are thick transgressive and early high-stand deposits of the lowest three sequences. Organic carbon content may be highest (on slender evidence) where marine circulation was restricted. Carbonate reservoir quality on the shelf depends on subaerial exposure during marine lowstands. Prograding highstand sands, carbonate grainstones, and syntectonic channel deposits have untested reservoir potential. In the eastern Officer Basin potential source rocks are thin but widespread. Oil has been generated in the playa lake sediments. Fluvial, aeolian and shoreline sandstones, and those interbedded with carbonates, have excellent reservoir characteristics. The interbedded sands are thin but may be grouped near sequence boundaries. Lowstand carbonate breccias have generally unpredictable reservoir quality. Major differences in source and reservoir bed distribution between these basins, which share the same cycles of relative sea level change, are: palaeoslope, proximity to open marine conditions, duration of subaerial exposure and availability of terrigenous clastics.

The extent of Mission grasses and Gamba Grass in the Darwin region of Australia's Northern Territory

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Kean ◽  
Owen Price
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Potential Habitat ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Prompt Action

Mission grasses Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. and P. pedicellatum (Trin) and Gamba Grass Andropogon gayanus (Kunth) are three weed species that are thought to be spreading rapidly in the vicinity of Darwin and may pose a major threat to ecosystems in northern Australia. The distribution of the species was assessed from a vehicle along 913 km of roads near Darwin. The study provided data on the potential source of further spread and an analysis of the potential habitat of the weeds. For analysis, roadsides were divided up into 200 m cells and the distributions of the grasses were compared against land tenure and broad land unit maps, Mission grasses were present in approximately 52% of cells, and were particularly common around the rural residential/horticultural area of Humpty Doo. They occurred equally commonly in all broad land units, but differed among tenures, being particularly common on freehold land. Gamba Grass occurred in 15% of cells, with hot spots in a number of areas. It was most common on freehold land, and was rare on conservation reserves. It also showed an association with broad land units reflecting wetter areas. Mission grasses are so widespread in the Darwin region that control can only be contemplated in very small areas requiring frequent treatment of re-invading plants. It may be possible to control Gamba Grass in conservation reserves and Crown land if prompt action is taken. For all three species, preventing their spread to new areas should be a high priority.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Harmfulness of Moulding Sands with Alkyd Resin Subjected to the High Temperature Influence

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 2171-2176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Holtzer ◽  
R. Dańko ◽  
S. Żymankowska-Kumon ◽  
M. Kubecki ◽  
A. Bobrowski
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Binding Material ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. These resins in their initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin, under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be formed and released. The aim of the study was the development of the method, selection of analytical methods and the determination of optimal conditions of formation compounds from the BTEX and PAHs group. Investigations were carried out in the specially designed set up for the thermal decomposition of organic substances in a temperature range: 500 – 1 300°C at the laboratory scale. The object for testing was alkyd resin applied as a binding material for moulding sands. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of compounds were performed by means of the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Sovereign Wealth Funds - A Work Agenda

Policy Papers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Prices ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
International Capital ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Sovereign Wealth Funds ◽  
International Capital Markets ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Set Up

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are becoming increasingly important in the international monetary and financial system, attracting growing attention. SWFs are government-owned investment funds, set up for a variety of macroeconomic purposes. They are commonly funded by the transfer of foreign exchange assets that are invested long term, overseas. SWFs are not new, and some of the longer-established funds—for example those of Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and Singapore—have existed for decades. However, high oil prices, financial globalization, and sustained, large global imbalances have resulted in the rapid accumulation of foreign assets particularly by oil exporters and several Asian countries. As a result, the number and size of SWFs are rising fast and their presence in international capital markets is becoming more prominent.

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in the Tonsils of Pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIINA AUTIO ◽  
ANNUKKA MARKKULA ◽  
SANNA HELLSTRÖM ◽  
TAINA NISKANEN ◽  
JANNE LUNDÉN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Listeria Innocua ◽  
Pfge Type ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Fattening Pigs

This study was set up to establish the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the tonsils of sows and fattening pigs from five Finnish slaughterhouses and to evaluate the genetic similarity of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from the tonsils. A total of 271 pig tonsils (132 tonsils from fattening pigs and 139 from sows) from five different slaughterhouses in various parts of Finland were studied from June 1999 to March 2000. Overall, 14 and 4% of pig tonsils harbored L. monocytogenes and Listeria innocua, respectively. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in tonsils of fattening pigs (22%) was significantly higher than in sows (6%). The isolates (n = 38) recovered from tonsils showed a wide genetic diversity by means of 24 different pulsed- eld gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types presented by the strains. Moreover, in numerical analyses of restriction patterns, no association was found between the clustering of strains and the slaughterhouses, and strains showing a similar PFGE type were recovered from pigs of different slaughterhouses. The high prevalence of L. monocytogenes showing various PFGE types in the tonsils of pigs could indicate a potential source of contamination of pluck sets, carcasses, and the slaughterhouse environment and of subsequent processing steps.

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