Accumulation of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Cadmium by the Australian Freshwater Mussel Velesunio ambiguus (Phillipi) and Its Potential as a Biological Monitor

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
WG Jones ◽  
KF Walker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Australian Freshwater ◽  
Iron Concentrations

The accumulation of iron, manganese, zinc and cadmium by freshwater mussels in the River Murray, South Australia, and their response to changes in environmental iron concentrations are considered. Metal loads varied markedly between individuals from the same population. The variability is accounted for partly by systematic relationships between metal loads and body weight and age, but not sex. The distribution of metals between the major organs is discussed, but the analysis of separate organs showed no advantage for biological monitoring. Comparisons between iron concentrations in river water and in mussels showed no clear correspondence. The study suggests that V. ambiguus may not be a good short-term monitor of iron, but still may have potential as a long-term and site-comparison monitor of metals. once inherent variability is taken into account.

Cobalt and copper in the nutrition of sheep (1)

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedley R. Marston ◽  
Hector John Lee ◽  
Ian W. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Cobalt Copper

SUMMARYEvidence is provided to prove that the nutritional malady, Coast Disease, which affects sheep de-pastured without change on the shell-sand littoral of South Australia is due solely to the inability of the pastures to provide the quantity of cobalt and copper necessary to fulfil the nutritional requirements of grazing sheep.An experiment started in 1936 in which five evenly matched groups of young cross-bred ewe hoggets were dosed thrice weekly with cobalt, copper, cobalt plus copper, and with cobalt plus copper together with iron, manganese, zinc and nickel is described.

Long- and short-term effects on intake of pelleting a roughage for sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
05 C ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Chopped Grass

SUMMARY1. Four groups of eight castrated male lambs, weighing initially about 37 kg, were fed ad libitum for 18 weeks on: C, chopped dried grass throughout; P, pelleted grass throughout; C/P (or P/C), the two forms alternated every 3 weeks; or C + P, both forms on offer.2. Daily dry-matter intake (g/kg W0·75) was 58·2 for treatment C and 814 for treatment P; thus the long-term difference in intake was 40%. However, in the alternated sheep, dry-matter intake was 53·6 g/kg W0·75 for chopped grass and 86·5 g for pelleted; this short-term difference (61%) was significantly greater than the long-term difference. Dry-matter intake for treatment C+P was 84·9 g/kg W0·75; after the first week, chopped grass comprised only 10% of this. Dry-matter digestibility coefficients (%) were: C, 740; P, 61·4 and C+P, 62·0.3. The sheep were killed in week 19 and the dimensions of digestive organs and their contents were adjusted to an animal of 50 kg empty body weight. The weight of the reticulo-rumen was greater for C (1·30 kg) than for P (0·94) or C+ P (1·05), C/P and P/C being inter-mediate (1·15). The water-filled volume of the rumen was proportional to weight, except that C/P (alternated sheep finishing on pelleted grass) had low volumes. Reticulo-rumen fill was greater for C (7·28 kg) than for P (3·97) or C+ P (4·53), P/C (5·90) and C/P (4·34) being intermediate. There were no other significant differences in organs or contents.4. Gains in empty-body weight (g/day) were: C, 112; P, 181; C/P and P/C, 126; C + P, 195.

scholarly journals Leptin alters energy intake and fat mass but not energy expenditure in lean subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlina Chrysafi ◽  
Nikolaos Perakakis ◽  
Olivia M. Farr ◽  
Konstantinos Stefanakis ◽  
Natia Peradze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lipid Utilization ◽  
Decrease Body Weight

Abstract Based on studies in mice, leptin was expected to decrease body weight in obese individuals. However, the majority of the obese are hyperleptinemic and do not respond to leptin treatment, suggesting the presence of leptin tolerance and questioning the role of leptin as regulator of energy balance in humans. We thus performed detailed novel measurements and analyses of samples and data from our clinical trials biobank to investigate leptin effects on mechanisms of weight regulation in lean normo- and mildly hypo-leptinemic individuals without genetic disorders. We demonstrate that short-term leptin administration alters food intake during refeeding after fasting, whereas long-term leptin treatment reduces fat mass and body weight, and transiently alters circulating free fatty acids in lean mildly hypoleptinemic individuals. Leptin levels before treatment initiation and leptin dose do not predict the observed weight loss in lean individuals suggesting a saturable effect of leptin. In contrast to data from animal studies, leptin treatment does not affect energy expenditure, lipid utilization, SNS activity, heart rate, blood pressure or lean body mass.

Groundwater delivery rate of nitrate and predicted change in nitrate concentration in Blue Lake, South Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Lamontagne
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Blue Lake ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The City ◽  
Groundwater Outflow ◽  
Drinking Water Guideline

Blue Lake, the principal water supply for the City of Mount Gambier (South Australia), is contaminated with nitrate (NO3–) from polluted groundwater. Using existing data, a study was undertaken to determine the past load of NO3– from groundwater entering the lake and to forecast future trends in lake NO3– concentration. Groundwater NO3– loads for the 1971–1997 period were estimated with an inverse model, which combined the long-term record for NO3– concentration in the lake with a simple NO3– mass-balance. Model results show that the load of NO3– from groundwater (18–24 metric tons (t) year–1 as N) was by far the largest source to Blue Lake between 1971 and 1997. Sinks for NO3– included pumping withdrawal (10–14 t year–1), in-lake consumption (7–10 t year–1), and groundwater outflow (0–1.8 t year–1). The NO3– concentration in incoming groundwater (4–7 mg N L–1) appears to have increased slowly but steadily during the 1971–1997 period (at a rate varying between 0.037 and 0.070 mg N L–1 year–1). By assuming that the rate of increase in groundwater NO3– concentration will remain constant, a forecast for lakewater NO3– concentration was made for the 1998–2028 period. Lakewater NO3– concentration should increase from the contemporary ~3.5 mg N L–1 to 4 or 5 mg N L–1 by 2028. In the short term (decades), the rate of pumping withdrawal will be the main determinant of NO3– concentration in the lake through its impact on the rate of groundwater inflow and the lake water residence time. Although the drinking water guideline for NO3– (11. 3 mg N L–1) may not be exceeded in the short term (decades), it may be exceeded in the longer term (centuries) as NO3– concentration in the neighbouring aquifer adjusts to the contemporary land use.

Long-term effects of warren ripping for rabbit control in semi-arid South Australia.

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Mutze
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Perennial Shrubs ◽  
Control Work ◽  
Semi Arid

Warren ripping and poisoning were used to control rabbits on the flood-out plain of a major creek system on Manunda Station, a sheep-grazing property near Yunta in semi-arid South Australia. Rabbit numbers were initially reduced by >99 per cent, as indicated by the number of active entrances remaining in rabbit warrens. After nearly 10 years without follow-up control work, ripped warrens had only two per cent of the pre-control number of active entrances. Poisoning effectively reduced rabbit numbers in the short-term, but had no long-term effect on the number of active entrances, either in ripped or unripped warrens. Perennial shrubs regenerated on and around ripped warrens. Warren ripping on this part of Manunda is a cost-effective management option.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on appetite vary depending upon site and structure

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen French
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Dietary Composition ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physico Chemical

The present review summarises the effects of different carbohydrate and fat structures on food intake and appetite and the differences in response at various levels of processing of macronutrients. Several physico-chemical properties of carbohydrate and fat molecules appear to influence the short-term satiating properties. However, long-term substantiation of these findings expressed in terms of food intake or body weight is not currently available. Such studies will be required to make clear recommendations regarding dietary composition to aid satiety.

scholarly journals Changes in Body Weight After Total Hip Arthroplasty: Short-term and Long-term Effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke Paans ◽  
Martin Stevens ◽  
Robert Wagenmakers ◽  
Jan van Beveren ◽  
Klaas van der Meer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Preoperative Body Mass Index ◽  
Total Hip

Background Elevated body weight is associated with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and subsequently with total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patients with hip OA who are overweight often mention their restricted mobility as a factor that thwarts their attempts to be physically active and lose weight. There is some evidence that THA increases physical activity, but none for losing body weight after THA. Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term (1-year) and long-term (4.5-year) effects of a THA on body weight. Design This was an observational, multicenter cohort study. Methods For the short-term effect, all patients (N=618) were analyzed; for the long-term effect, a random subgroup (n=100) was analyzed. Preoperative and postoperative body weight and height were self-reported. Patients were categorized according to their preoperative body mass index (BMI <25 kg/m2=normal weight, 25–30 kg/m2=overweight, >30 kg/m2=obese). Clinical relevancy was set at a minimum of 5% weight loss compared with baseline. Results The mean age of the study group was 70 years (SD=8), 74% were women, and mean preoperative body mass was 79 kg (SD=14). One year after THA, a significant decrease in body weight of 1% and 3.4% occurred for the overweight and obese BMI categories, respectively. After 4.5 years, a significant decrease in body weight of 6.4% occurred for the obese BMI category. Limitations Height and weight—and thus BMI—were self-reported. Conclusion Patients in the overweight and obese groups showed a decrease, albeit not clinically relevant, in body weight after 1 year. After 4.5 years, a decrease that was relevant clinically was observed in the patients who were obese. It can be concluded that no clinically relevant reduction of weight occurred after THA, except in the long term for patients who were obese.

Breeding cycle of the freshwater mussel Anodonta grandis Say

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2477-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Anodonta Grandis ◽  
General Opinion

The gonads and marsupia of a population of Anodonta grandis Say in a small, eutrophic lake in the Laurentians were examined for the presence of eggs and glochidia over a period of three summers. The species was found to be a tachytictic (short-term) breeder, contrary to the general opinion that the Anodontinae are bradytictic (long-term) breeders.

Effect of some nutrient cations on uptake of cadmium by Chlorella pyrenoidosa

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Gipps ◽  
BAW Coller
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Modest Reduction

The effects of the cations calcium, iron, manganese and zinc on the uptake of cadmium by the alga C. pyrenoidosa and on the toxicity of cadmium were studied. Calcium at a level of 16 mg 1-1 reduced the short- term uptake and, in dilute cultures, the long-term uptake as well and caused a modest reduction in cadmium toxicity. Iron at a level of 1 mg I-1 greatly reduced cadmium toxicity and reduced both phases of uptake in dilute cultures. Manganese at a concentration of 0.5 mg I-1 had no consistent effect on uptake and tended to enhance cadmium toxicity. Zinc at a concentration of 3 mg I-1 reduced short-term uptake, had no consistent effect on long-term uptake, and exerted a toxic effect that was additive to that of cadmium. Factors such as coprecipitation and the physiological state of the culture were found to have an important bearing on the nature of the interaction of nutrient cations with cadmium.

Malnutrition, Infection and Child Growth in Jamaica

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E Miall ◽  
Patricia Desai ◽  
K. L Standard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factors Influencing

A semi-longitudinal study of factors influencing child growth in a rural community in Jamaica provided an opportunity to explore the relationships between diarrhoea, respiratory infections and body weight.Respiratory infections and diarrhoea both reached peak incidences between the ages of 6 and 24 months when children are at highest risk of malnutrition. Respiratory infections had no demonstrable influence on growth. Diarrhoea was more common in boys than in girls and more common in underweight children. It had no influence on long-term weight increases, though it did have the expected influence on short-term increments.The findings suggested that much of the diarrhoea seen in this community of children may have been secondary to undernutrition rather than a cause of it.

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