Litter Fall and Decompostion in a Mangrove Stand, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., in Middle Harbour, Sydney

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
PFE Goulter ◽  
WG Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Estuarine Ecosystem ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
Litter Bag Experiment

Leaf and other litter falling in a mangrove woodland was estimated by litter trapping for 13 months. Mean annual litter fall was 5.8 t ha-1 year-1 (dry matter) of which 79% was leaf material. Largest fortnightly collections of litter were found in the summer months, and little litter fell in winter. Data suggested that mangrove litter is rapidly incorporated into the rest of the estuarine ecosystem: the leaf litter layer in the swamp was estimated on two occasions (about 9 g m-2 in winter and about 62 g m-2 in summer, dry leaf material) and a litter-bag experiment gave a leaf decomposition half- time of about 8 weeks.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of volatile and extractive compounds of pine and spruce leaf litter in the initial stages of decomposition

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2785-2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Isidorov ◽  
M. Smolewska ◽  
A. Purzyńska-Pugacewicz ◽  
Z. Tyszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Soil Community ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Litter Bag Experiment

Abstract. A litter bag experiment was conducted to analyze changes in chemical composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle litter in the first stages of decomposition in natural conditions. The emission rates of monoterpenes and concentration of extractive secondary metabolites were determined five times over a 16-month period. It has been shown that pine and spruce needle litter in the first stages of decomposition (up to 165 days) emits monoterpene hydrocarbons into the gas phase with the rates comparable to those in emissions from live needles of these trees. This suggests that leaf litter is an important source of atmospheric terpenes. It has also been proved that the litter contains considerable amounts of non-volatile substances that can be precursors of oxidized volatile compounds formed as a result of enzymatic reactions. Non-volatile but water soluble secondary metabolites of the leaf litter may be involved in nutrient cycling and have an influence on soil community.

Litter decomposition in a cool temperate deciduous forest

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 419-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Lousier ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Litter Input ◽  
Mesh Bags ◽  
Tree Leaf

Amounts of autumn tree leaf litter fall, understory litter input, tree leaf litter nutrient input, and rates of dry weight loss in decomposing leaf litter were estimated in an aspen woodland (Populus tremuloides Michx. – P. balsamifera L.) site in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta. Tree leaf litter input amounted to 250 g m−2 and comprised 3.7% of the total organic matter in the ecosystem (1.92 × 105 kg ha−1). The ratio of the weight of aspen leaf fall to balsam leaf fall was about 6:1. The tree leaf litter input and the total litter input figures were similar to those for other Northern Hemisphere aspen forests. The understory litter input in the study plots was measured as 99 g m−2. The importance by weight of some of the nutrients returned to the soil via tree leaf litter fall was Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Zn > Fe > Mn > Na > Cu. The total weight of these nutrients returned to the soil was 116 kg ha−1, with N, Ca, and K comprising 89% and Mg and P comprising 9.8% of the total.The dry weight loss of decomposing aspen and balsam leaves was measured at 1-, 5-, 8-, 12-, 18-, 24-, and 30-month intervals by using 3-mm-mesh litter bags, and at 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-month intervals by using 10-mm-mesh bags. Litter-bag mesh size was of little consequence to the rate of dry weight loss for the first 12 months, but subsequent dry weight loss was greater in the 3-mm-mesh bags, which maintained higher, more representative, moisture conditions than did the 10-mm-mesh bags. However, tethered leaves lost 1.7 times more weight over the first 12 months of decomposition than did confined litter. The decay rate decline with time and with the depth of the litter bag in the litter layers, with maximum dry weight loss occurring over the period encompassing the fall freeze, winter, and the spring thaw and runoff. Leaf litter placed on north-facing slopes was characterized by significantly slower decay rates than that on south-facing slopes.The dry weight loss for aspen leaf litter was 26.2 ± 2.0% after 12 months. 40.0 ± 1.6% after 30 months, and 58.7% after 60 months (by regression): for balsam litter it was 21.2 ± 1.9% after 12 months, 37.4 ± 1.7% after 30 months, and 47.9% after 60 months (by regression). The highly leachable component of leaf litter was estimated at 23.1% for aspen and 21.4% for balsam. The time required for 99% decomposition was calculated as about 24 years for aspen and about 27 years for balsam, which gives average annual decay rates of 3.2% for aspen and 2.9% for balsam. The decay rate for Populus leaf litter was lower than that for aspen in Alaska and appeared to fit the range for deciduous leaf litter from some forested IBP Tundra Biome sites.

scholarly journals Diversity of fungi in decomposition process the Avicennia marina leaf litter at various level of salinity

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012063
Author(s):  
Yunasfi ◽  
Derita ◽  
Ipanna Enggar Susetya ◽  
Rusdi Leidonald
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Factors Affecting

Abstract Factors affecting the rate of the decomposition are animals and microorganisms such as worms, snails, bacteria, fungi etc. as well as environmental conditions, such as type of soil, pH and salinity of water, etc. This research was conducted at the Deli Belawan River and Forest Cultivation Laboratory, Medan, North Sumatra Sumatera. A study was undertaken to find out the effect of the salinity on : the number of species, the population, the species diversity and the frequency of colonization of the different species of fungi during the process of the composition of the A. marina leaf litter decomposition. The leaf litter of A. marina to be put in a litter bag that is 50 g and it’s 33 litter bags for each level of salinity totally. The level of salinity to be used such as < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30 and > 30 ppt. The time series to collect data were 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, and 165 days. The leaf litter of A. marina in a litter bag was taken from each salinity level that was three bags for each time. It was used for isolation and identification of the fungi. There were 21 fungal species isolated from the A. marina leaf litter before being decomposed and from those decomposed at < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30 and > 30 ppt. The highest population was found in the leaf litter before being decomposed with an average of 1.6 × 103 cfu/ml. The Species Diversity Indices of the fungi isolated from the leaf litter at < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30, and > 30 ppt were 1.96, 1.86, 1.75 and 1,50. The frequency of the fungal colonization ranged from 9.1 to 100 %.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of volatile and extractive compounds of pine and spruce leaf litter in the initial stages of decomposition

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1727-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Isidorov ◽  
M. Smolewska ◽  
A. Purzyńska-Pugacewicz ◽  
Z. Tyszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Soil Community ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Litter Bag Experiment

Abstract. A litter bag experiment was conducted to analyze changes in chemical composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle litter in the first stages of decomposition in natural conditions. The emission rates of monoterpenes and concentration of extractive secondary metabolites were determined five times over a 16-month period. It has been shown that pine and spruce needle litter emits monoterpene hydrocarbons into the gas phase with the rates comparable to those in emissions from live needles of these trees. This suggests that leaf litter is an important source of atmospheric terpenes. It has also been proved that the litter contains considerable amounts of non-volatile substances that can be precursors of oxidized volatile compounds formed as a result of enzymatic reactions. Non-volatile but water soluble secondary metabolites of the leaf litter may be involved in nutrient cycling and have an influence on soil community.

The use of cumulative gas production technique to characterize changes in the fermentation characteristics of rumen contents following variable periods of starvation and grazing in dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chilibrostet ◽  
B. A. Williams ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
S. Calabro
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThe effect of the duration of grazing (experiment 1) and starvation time and placement in the rumen of inert bulk material before grazing (experiment 2), on the rumen content ferment ability, was investigated by means of measuring cumulative gas production. In experiment 1, a comparison was made of four durations of grazing (1, 1·75, 2·50 and 3·25 h) after overnight starvation. Rumen samples taken from the cows after 1 h of grazing had higher values of total accumulated gas with less (P < 0·05) time required to reach the maximum fermentation rate than cows grazed for 3·25 h. Following grazing, a 7·75·h starvation period was imposed on the four treatments. The extent of fermentation was significantly lower (P < 0·01) after starvation than immediately after grazing (49·7 v. 60·8% of incubated dry matter (DM), respectively). Experiment 2 consisted of a factorial combination of two durations of starvation before grazing (16·5 (LS) and 2·5 (SS) h) with the presence or absence in the rumen of 12·5 kg of a synthetic indigestible material. Before grazing the total accumulated gas production was less (P < 0·05) for the LS than for the SS cows. After the grazing session, the total gas of rumen samples from the LS cows was significantly higher (P < 0·05) than for the SS cows.This was in agreement with the observed higher DM intake during grazing and DM rumen pools after grazing in LS cows. For both starvation periods, the presence of inert rumen bulk led to a higher total gas, a shorter half-time and less DM left unfermented. The measurement of fermentation kinetics by cumulative gas production was suitable to detect changes in rumen content fermentation patterns due to the clearance of material from the rumen (effect of starvation) or DM intake during the grazing sessions.

Foliar sulfur and nitrogen along an 800-km pollution gradient

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt S. Pregitzer ◽  
Andrew J. Burton ◽  
Glenn D. Mroz ◽  
Hal O. Liechty ◽  
Neil W. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Pollution Gradient ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Foliar S

Emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) oxides in the midwestern and northeastern United States result in pronounced regional gradients of acidic deposition. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which atmospheric deposition alters the uptake and cycling of S and N in five analogous northern hardwood forests located along one of the most pronounced regional gradients of SO42−-S and NO3−-N deposition in the United States. We tested the hypothesis that acidic deposition would alter foliar S and N ratios and nutrient cycling in aboveground litter fall. Sulfate in both wet deposition and throughfall increased by a factor of two across the 800-km deposition gradient. The July concentration of S in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) leaves increased from about 1600 μg•g−1 at the northern research sites to 1800–1900 μg•g−1 at the southern sites. Differences in leaf litter S concentration were even more pronounced (872–1356 μg•g−1), and a clear geographic trend was always apparent in litter S concentration. The 3-year average S content of leaf litter was 63% greater at the southern end of the pollution gradient. Nitrate and total N deposition were also significantly greater at the southern end of the gradient. The concentration of N in both summer foliage and leaf litter was not correlated with N deposition, but the content of N in leaf litter was significantly correlated with N deposition. The molar ratios of S:N in mid-July foliage and leaf litter increased as atmospheric deposition of SO42−-S increased. Ratios of S:N were always much greater in leaf litter than in mid-July foliage. The molar ratios of S:N retranslocated from the canopies of these northern hardwood forests were less than those in mid-July foliage or litter fall and showed no geographic trend related to deposition, suggesting that S and N are retranslocated in a relatively fixed proportion. Significant correlations between SO42−-S deposition and foliar S concentration, S cycling, and the molar ratio of S:N in foliage suggest that sulfate deposition has altered the uptake and cycling of S in northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes region.

LEAF LITTER DYNAMICS IN WESTERN BLACK SEA MOUNTAINOUS FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat SARGINCI ◽  
Oktay YILDIZ ◽  
Doğanay TOLUNAY ◽  
Bülent TOPRAK ◽  
Şule TEMÜR
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Decomposition Rate Constant ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky ◽  
Time Periods

This study aimed to estimate leaf litter decomposition rates in eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) mixed stands in Düzce-Akçakoca, located in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. The sampling areas represent four different elevations and two aspects at each elevation. Amounts of annual beech and chestnut litter fall were estimated as 5.19 Mg ha-1 and 4.61 Mg ha-1, respectively. Litter decomposition was examined over five time periods (0.25, 0.50, 1.25, 2.25, and 4.25 years) by using the litter bag method. The amount of remaining beech leaf litter mass was found to be 1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.3 times greater than the amount of chestnut leaf litter, respectively. However, estimated values for the decomposition rate-constant (k) of chestnut for all time periods were found to be approximately 1.5 times greater than those of beech leaf litter. Litter in beech stands decomposed more rapidly at higher elevations during the first year, but at lower elevations in the second year, likely due to increased temperature and precipitation for the corresponding years. Leaf litter in chestnut stands decomposed more rapidly at lower elevations in the second and fourth year, reflecting higher precipitation of those years.

scholarly journals Nutrient Dynamics in an Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Mangrove Forest in Vamleshwar, Gujarat, India

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaiah Nirmal KUMAR ◽  
Poliyaparambil Ravi SAJISH ◽  
Rita Nirmal KUMAR ◽  
George BASIL ◽  
Viyol SHAILENDRA
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Nutrient Budget ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
One Year

The study was carried out to determine the nutrient budget of plants, sediments and nutrient dynamics in an Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., dominated forest in Vamleshwar near Narmada estuary, West Coast of Gujarat for a period of one year from November 2008 to October 2009. The average tree height of the mangrove is 1.5 to 2 m without much vertical stratification. Allometric methodology was used to measure the biomass, and yield a figure of 86.47 t ha-1 and the litter fall rate amounted to 2.9 t ha-1. Nutrient stocks of N, P and K in this mangrove were 137.05, 14.38 and 241.29 kg ha-1, with an annual accumulation of 55.74, 12.38 and 83.94 kg ha-1, and an annual return of 51.30, 10.83 and 13.52 kg ha-1, respectively, in the form of litter. The annual uptake for N, P and K were 61.04, 14.28 and 97.46 kg ha-1, and turnover rates of N, P and K were estimated at 3, 6 and 14 years, respectively, for the study period. Flow coefficients, which reveal the dynamic processes of nutrients between mangrove plants and sediments, are also explained. The present study concluded that the A. marina dominated mangrove plantation is more efficient in nutrient use and conservation.

Leaf-litter accretion and decomposition in interior and coastal old-growth redwood stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Pillers ◽  
John D. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Mass Balance Method ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Mass Balance Analysis

Litter fall and litter decomposition were measured in old-growth coastal redwood (Sequoiasempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) forests. Hillside and bottomland areas at inland and coastal locations were selected as representative sites. Both litter-bag and insitu mass-balance analyses were used to determine decomposition rates. Average annual litter fall at the four sites ranged from 3120 to 4690 kg•ha−1•year−1. Decomposition rate constants (k) calculated from the mass-balance analysis ranged from 0.117 to 0.238 year−1. Values of k estimated from the litter-bag analysis ranged from 0.273 to 0.405 year−1. Equilibrium litter loads from mass-balance analysis ranged from 15 700 to 30 000 kg•ha−1. Equilibrium litter loads estimated from litter-bag analysis ranged from 7760 to 14 500 kg•ha−1. Litter-layer equilibrium was between 12 and 26 years using the mass-balance analysis and between 7 and 11 years with the litter-bag study. The mass-balance method for calculating decomposition constants showed that litter at coastal sites decomposed faster than at inland sites. There were no differences between upland and bottomland sites. The litter-bag method, in contrast, indicated that litter at inland sites decomposed faster than at coastal sites. Significant regressions of litter decomposition constants as functions of summer average relative humidity, temperature, vapor-pressure deficit, and litter moisture were found with the mass-balance method. There were no significant regressions of temperature and moisture variables with litter decomposition constants calculated with the litter-bag analysis.

Uptake by grass and transfer to soil of nitrogen from 15N-labelled legume materials applied to a Rhodes grass pasture

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Second Year

Unground legume materials labelled with 15N were applied to the soil surface under a Rhodes grass pasture in south-eastern Queensland and the recovery of the applied 15N was followed over periods of 1-3 years. Comparisons were made between two legumes, Macroptiliurn atropurpureurn cv. Siratro and Desrnodiurn intorturn cv. Greenleaf, between leaf and stem materials of different nitrogen (N) concentrations (0.5-3.8% N), and between fresh and dried materials. After 1 year, 15N in the applied materials had decreased by 25-91%, and 7-25% was recovered in the Rhodes grass. Except for leaf material of Greenleaf, these changes showed a positive, non-linear relationship to the percentage of N (%N) in the applied materials. The changes for leaves of Greenleaf were less than would be predicted from their %N. Drying Siratro leaves and stems before applying them to the soil surface did not significantly affect the above changes. For N-poor materials (0.5-1.8% N) applied at 380-1360 g dry matter m-2, uptake of 15N by Rhodes grass was greater in the second year than in the first year, whereas for N-rich materials (3.8%N) applied at 140 g dry matter m-2 uptake of 15N in the second and third years was only 23 and 12% respectively of that in the first year.

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