Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium and Zinc to Three Species of Marine Copepod

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH Arnott ◽  
M Ahsanullah
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Paracalanus Parvus ◽  
Marine Copepods

Acute toxicity tests were carried out with three metals on the marine copepods Scutellidium sp., Paracalanus parvus and Acartia simplex. The resulting 24-h LC50 values showed that copper was the most toxic metal, with cadmium more toxic than zinc for two of the three species. Scutellidium sp. was more sensitive than P. parvus and A. simplex to all metals, LC50 values being 0.18, 0.66 and 1.09 mg/l for copper, cadmium and zinc respectively. No consistent trend in relative sensitivity was apparent for the other two species. The results were in general agreement with those for other marine copepods given by other workers. Some experimental problems in conducting toxicity tests with copepods are indicated. Application of the present LC50 data to existing water quality criteria produced unrealistic 'safe' concentrations in the case of copper. Such a finding illustrates the arbitrary nature of application factors and questions the usefulness of acute toxicity tests as the major tool for environmental protection.

Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, and zinc to Larvae of the Crab Paragrapus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and Implications for Water Quality Criteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ahsanullah ◽  
GH Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the larvae of P. quadridentatus and 96-h LC50 values of 0.17, 0.49, and 1.23 mg/l were determined for copper, cadmium, and zinc respectively. Potency ratios of the three metals were as follows: Cu/Cd 3.1, Cu/Zn 7.2, and Cd/Zn 2.4. Larvae were found to be nine times more sensitive to zinc and at least 29 times more sensitive to cadmium than were adults. The larval 96-h LC50 values multiplied by an application factor of 0.01 (as recommended in Victorian water quality criteria) results in derived 'safe' concentrations, which in the case of copper and zinc are below the stated 'minimal risk concentrations' of 10 and 20 �g/I respectively. In view of the known greater sensitivity of larvae of many taxa to heavy metal toxicity, the validity of using the same application factor for both adult and larval stages is questioned.

Acute toxicity of chromium, mercury, molybdenum and nickel to the amphipod Allorchestes compressa

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ahsanullah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

In acute toxicity tests on A. compressa, the 96-h LC50 values for mercury, chromium, nickel and molybdenum were: respectively, 0.08, 5.56,34.68 and 247.12 mg I-1. The results suggest that mercury has the most toxic effect on A. compressa, followed by chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The applicability of acute toxicity tests in establishing water-quality criteria is discussed.

Problems in determining water quality criteria for freshwater fisheries

1972 ◽  
Vol 180 (1061) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Lethal Level ◽  
Population Information ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
The Common

Accurate water quality criteria are essential if fisheries are to be protected without unnecessary restrictions being imposed on the discharge of industrial and domestic effluents. There is a considerable literature on the effects of pollutants on fish, but even for the common poisons it is difficult to establish more than tentative criteria from the published data. Acute toxicity tests can be used to measure the effect of chemical and physical variables on the toxicity of poisons and on the resistance of fish to them. Results from sublethal tests can give an insight into the mechanism of toxic action and experiments should be designed to show the level of no adverse effect. Field observations can provide valuable information on the levels of pollutants at which fisheries are unaffected and, in some cases, the graded effect of increased pollution on the deterioration of a fish population. Information from all three sources are required for the preparation of water quality criteria, which should not be based on a single concentration, or ratio of a lethal level, but should indicate, where possible, the range of concentration within which fisheries show a progressive deterioration.

Relative sensitivity of one freshwater and two marine acute toxicity tests as determined by testing 30 offshore E & P chemicals

Chemosphere ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line E Sverdrup ◽  
Charlotte S Fürst ◽  
Mona Weideborg ◽  
Eilen A Vik ◽  
Jørgen Stenersen
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

Post-treatment of sanitary landfill leachate by coagulation–flocculation using chitosan as primary coagulant

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inara Oliveira do Carmo Nascimento ◽  
Ana Rosa Pinto Guedes ◽  
Louisa Wessels Perelo ◽  
Luciano Matos Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Chitosan was chosen as an alternative primary coagulant in a complementary coagulation–flocculation treatment of sanitary landfill leachate with the aim of removing recalcitrant organic matter. In order to optimize the process conditions, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied. To evaluate the performance of the process using chitosan, we also carried out tests with aluminium sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3.14 H2O) as coagulant. In addition, acute toxicity tests were carried using the duckweed Lemna minor and the guppy fish Poecilia reticulata as test organisms. The analytic hierarchy process was employed for selecting the most appropriate coagulant. Mean values of true colour removal efficiency of 80% and turbidity removal efficiency of 91.4% were reached at chitosan dosages of 960 mg L−1 at pH 8.5. The acute toxicity tests showed that organisms were sensitive to all samples, mainly after coagulation–flocculation using chitosan. CE50 for L. minor was not determined because there was no inhibition of the average growth rate and biomass production; LC50 for P. reticulata was 23% (v v−1). Multi-criteria analysis showed that alum was the most appropriate coagulant. Therefore, chitosan as primary coagulant was not considered to be a viable alternative in the post-treatment of landfill leachate.

scholarly journals Nano-sized zeolites as modulators of thiacloprid toxicity onChironomus riparius

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla S. Lorenz ◽  
Anna-Jorina Wicht ◽  
Leyla Guluzada ◽  
Barbara Crone ◽  
Uwe Karst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Ms Imaging ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Small Primary ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
Adsorption Rates

This study investigated whether zeolites of different size (Y30 (nano-sized) and H-Beta(OH)-III (forming large aggregates/agglomerates composed of 50 nm small primary particles)) exerted acute toxicity on larvae of the non-biting midge,Chironomus riparius, and whether such zeolites are able to modulate the toxicity of a common insecticide, thiacloprid, by means of adsorption of a dissolved toxicant. We conducted acute toxicity tests with fourth instar larvae ofC. riparius. In these tests, larvae were exposed to zeolites or thiacloprid solely, or to mixtures of both compounds. The mixtures comprised 1.0 µg/L thiacloprid in addition to low (5.2 mg/L), medium (18.2 mg/L), and high (391.7 mg/L) zeolite concentrations, resulting in different adsorption rates of thiacloprid. As biological endpoints, changes in mortality rates and in behavior were monitored every 24 h over a total investigation period of 96 h. Furthermore, we conducted chemical analyses of thiacloprid in the medium and the larvae and located the zeolite particles within the larvae by LA-ICP-MS imaging techniques. Our results demonstrate that both types of zeolites did not exert acute toxicity when applied as single-substances, but led to reduced acute toxicity of thiacloprid when applied together with thiacloprid. These results are in line with the sorption properties of zeolites indicating reduced bioavailability of thiacloprid, although our data indicate that thiacloprid can desorb from zeolites to some extent. While freely dissolved (i.e., non-sorbed) fraction of thiacloprid was a good parameter to roughly estimate toxic effects, it did not correlate with measured internal thiacloprid concentrations. Moreover, it was shown that both zeolite types were ingested by the larvae, but no indication for cellular uptake of them was found.

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