Chemical and biological studies on some saline lakes of south-east Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAE Bayly ◽  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Made In

Chemical and biological data for a number of saline lakes in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria are presented and discussed. The chemical information includes discussions on the major ionic composition of the lakes in March 1964, on the nature and extent of seasonal variations in the concentration of total dissolved solids in these lakes, and on the nature and extent of secular variations in salinity at Lake Corangamite. The biological data (almost exclusively faunal, and based mainly on a single series of collections made in March 1964) are discussed with particular reference to affinities, tolerance to high salinities, level of endemicity, uniqueness, and related topics. It is concluded that the fauna is different in many respects from that of similar habitats outside Australia.

Chemical and biological observations on some volcanic lakes in the south-east of South Australia

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAE Bayly ◽  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Composition ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Chemical Data ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Volcanic Lakes

Chemical and biological data are given relating to the four lakes near Mount Gambier, South Australia, and to Lake Leake about 32 km to the north-west. The chemical data reveal that despite some similarities there are clear differences in ionic composition between the lakes. These differences are explained as being due to the differing importance of terrestrial and atmospheric ion supply. The biological data are discussed principally from a distributional viewpoint.

Relationship Between Nutrients, Dominant Ions, and Phytoplankton Standing Crop in Prairie Saline Lakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1588-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. H. Bierhuizen ◽  
E. E. Prepas
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Saline Lakes ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Significant Relationships

We collected data from 20 saline lakes (total dissolved solids from 1000 to 91 000 mg∙L−1) in southeastern Alberta to compare relationships between phosphorus, nitrogen, and phytoplankton standing crop with those in freshwater lakes. In 18 lakes, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, and HCO3−-CO32− were the dominant ions. In these lakes there was a significant positive correlation between Ca2+ and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and there were significant negative correlations between Chl a and conductivity, pH, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, and CO32−. When all 20 lakes were considered there were no significant relationships between Chl a and phosphorus or nitrogen. Empirical relationships for freshwater lakes, based on spring or summer total phosphorus (TP) or total nitrogen (TN), overestimated Chl a in all the study lakes. However, in saline lakes with similar ionic composition and TN to TP ratios greater than 12 (by weight), there was a significant positive relationship between TP and Chl a. For the saline lakes with TN to TP ratios greater than 12, the deviations between the Chl a levels predicted from models developed for freshwater lakes and the observed levels were positively correlated with conductivity, total dissolved solids, and Na+ (r2 = 0.78–0.82, P < 0.001). We developed the first empirical model that describes nutrient – Chl a relationships for inland saline lakes. The deviation of measured phytoplankton biomass from that predicted by models developed for freshwater lakes can be explained by conductivity or dominant ion concentration.

Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages After Fire.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
PJ Hocking ◽  
A Mcmahon
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The heathland form of Banksia marginata Cav. regenerates rarely from seed but commonly by resprout- ing from buds on lateral roots, whereas Banksia ornata F. Muell. regenerates only from seed, usually released after fire. The two species co-occur in heath vegetation on nutrient-poor soils in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria. Shoots were sampled from stands of B. marginata aged from 1 to 25 years and of B. ornata aged from 1 to 50+ years after fire in the Little Desert National Park, western Victoria. B. marginata, the resprouter, distributed a greater proportion of the total shoot dry matter and content of all nutrients to vegetative growth over its shorter life span than B. ornata, the non-sprouter. About 50% of the total phosphorus in B. ornata shoots at 50+ years was present in cones (including seeds) compared with only about 20% in B. marginata shoots at a comparable stage of senescence (25 years). This difference between the species was also true to a lesser degree for nitrogen. There were considerable differences between other nutrients in their distribution patterns in shoots. Nutrients could be grouped together on the basis of distribution in shoots more satisfactorily than on presumed physio- logical roles. Stems were major sites of nutrient accumulation in both species. The content of a particular nutrient in seeds as a proportion of the content in the living parts of the shoot ranged from 0.03% (Na, Mn) to 2.0% (P) in B. marginata, and from 0.3% (Na) to as high as 31% (P) in B. ornata. Concen- trations of all nutrients except sodium were much higher in seeds than in the woody cones or vegetative organs of both species; seeds of B. ornata were particularly rich in calcium and manganese. We conclude that the different patterns of distribution of biomass and nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, within shoots of the two species reflect their different regenerative modes after fire. Introduction Phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen limit the growth of sclerophyllous shrubs on nutrient-poor soils in southern Australia

scholarly journals Electrochemistry at the Synapse

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Shin ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jason R. Borgus ◽  
B. Jill Venton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electrochemical Measurements ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Partial Release ◽  
Electrochemical Cytometry ◽  
Made In

Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters and how they started with extrasynaptic measurements but now are pushing toward synaptic measurements. Traditionally, biosensors or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry have monitored extrasynaptic levels of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, adenosine, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Amperometry and electrochemical cytometry techniques have revealed mechanisms of exocytosis, suggesting partial release. Advances in nanoelectrodes now allow spatially resolved, electrochemical measurements in a synapse, which is only 20–100 nm wide. Synaptic measurements of dopamine and acetylcholine have been made. In this article, electrochemical measurements are also compared to optical imaging and mass spectrometry measurements, and while these other techniques provide enhanced spatial or chemical information, electrochemistry is best at monitoring real-time neurotransmission. Future challenges include combining electrochemistry with these other techniques in order to facilitate multisite and multianalyte monitoring.

scholarly journals Cell Kinetics in Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Computer Simulation With Discrete Modeling Techniques

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin M. Mauer ◽  
Carl F. Evert ◽  
Beatrice C. Lampkin ◽  
Nancy B. McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Kinetics ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Discrete Modeling ◽  
Proliferative Phase ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Human Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract A model for cell kinetics of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been constructed with discrete modeling techniques for computer use with the GPSS/360 computer language. The model has produced results corresponding to observed biological data. It has been possible to explore mechanisms for control of the growth of the leukemic cell population. In addition to the flow of cells from the resting to the proliferative phase, two other important parts of the cell life cycle, cell death and the intracellular events after mitosis, were identified as potentially important regulatory mechanisms. Chemotherapeutic drug effects could be simulated, and in the case of vincristine an unsuspected effect was suggested. This effect of vincristine on transformation of the resting cell to an active proliferative phase has been supported by studies of vincristine effect on blast transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes. A single cell was found to take 3½ yr to grow to a population of 1012 cells, a clinically recognizable number. Although this observation cannot be confirmed from biological studies, this time has an interesting correspondence to the peak incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. It indicates that a mutational event in a single cell could account for the leukemic process in childhood acute leukemia.

Delineation of conservation units in an endangered marsupial, the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus), in South Australia/western Victoria, Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Li ◽  
Melanie L. Lancaster ◽  
Susan M. Carthew ◽  
Jasmin G. Packer ◽  
Steven J. B. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Management ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Evolutionarily Significant Units ◽  
Population Analyses ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Conservation programs for threatened species are greatly benefiting from genetic data, for their power in providing knowledge of dispersal/gene flow across fragmented landscapes and for identifying populations of high conservation value. The endangered southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus obesulus) has a disjunct distribution range in South Australia, raising the possibility that populations of the subspecies may represent distinct conservation units. In the current study, we used a combination of 14 microsatellite and two mitochondrial sequence markers to investigate the phylogeography and population structure of I. o. obesulus in South Australia and south-western Victoria, with the aim of identifying any potential evolutionarily significant units and management units relevant to conservation management. Our phylogenetic/population analyses supported the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages of I. o. obesulus. The first lineage comprised individuals from the Mount Lofty Ranges, Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island. A second lineage comprised individuals from the south-east of South Australia and south-western Victoria. We propose that these two lineages represent distinct evolutionarily significant units and should be managed separately for conservation purposes. The findings also raise significant issues for the national conservation status of I. o. obesulus and suggest that the current subspecies classification needs further investigation.

Regional divergence and inbreeding in Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. McDonald ◽  
M. Rawlings ◽  
P. A. Butcher ◽  
J. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Flinders Ranges ◽  
Outcrossing Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Ornamental Species ◽  
Regional Divergence

Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. is a widely cultivated tree in dryland southern Australia. It is grown for firewood, timber production and as a windbreak and ornamental species. Natural populations of E. cladocalyx are endemic to South Australia where they occur in three disjunct regions. This study assessed the mating system and patterns of genetic diversity in natural populations of E. cladocalyx by using allozymes. Populations had relatively low levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.148) and high levels of genetic divergence (θ = 0.26) among populations, similar to other regionally distributed eucalypts. Populations clustered into three distinct groups, which corresponded to its disjunct natural distribution. Genetic differentiation among populations and between regions was highly significant. Relatively high levels of inbreeding (tm = 0.57) were detected in natural populations of E.�cladocalyx. Outcrossing rates were highly variable among families, ranging from 0 to 100%. One-third of families from four populations had outcrossing rates that were not significantly different from zero. The origins of three commercially significant, cultivated stands of E. cladocalyx were also assessed. Allozyme profiles of cultivated stands from Wail and Lismore in western Victoria suggested origins in the Wirrabara region of the southern Flinders Ranges, while a cultivated stand of E. cladocalyx var. nana Hort. ex Yates had an allozyme profile consistent with origins in the Eyre Peninsula region. The results are discussed in relation to the species' morphological variation, biogeography and the implications for its domestication and conservation.

Morphological analysis of the Grevillea ilicifolia complex (Proteaceae) and recognition of taxa

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha L. Downing ◽  
Marco F. Duretto ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Minimum Spanning Trees ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Lobed Leaf

A morphological study of herbarium and field-collected specimens, using phenetic techniques of agglomerative classification, ordination and minimum spanning trees, and covering the geographic range of the Holly Grevillea, G.�ilicifolia (R.Br.) R.Br. sensu lato, has resulted in the recognition of three species and four subspecies. The taxa are based on leaf form, noted by previous authors to be highly variable between populations. The taxa recognised here are G.�ilicifolia, G.�ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia (typical, kite-shaped leaf form), G.�ilicifolia subsp. lobata (F.Muell.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov. (oak-shaped leaf form), G.�dilatata (R.Br.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov. (fan-shaped leaf form), G.�angustiloba (F.Muell.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov., G.�angustiloba subsp. angustiloba (narrow-lobed leaf form) and G.�angustiloba subsp. wirregaensis T.L.Downing subsp. nov. (very narrow-lobed leaf form). The rank of subspecies is used where there are some intermediate plants between forms. Grevillea ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia is the most widespread taxon and occurs in South Australia, western Victoria and in two localities in New South Wales. Grevillea angustiloba subsp. wirregaensis has the most restricted range, occurring in semi-arid regions near Wirrega in South Australia. Grevillea dilatata is largely endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

scholarly journals Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 474 (2218) ◽  
pp. 20180409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Conzuelo ◽  
Albert Schulte ◽  
Wolfgang Schuhmann
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy ◽  
Biological Imaging ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Surface Mapping ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Versatile Technique ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Electrochemical Microscopy ◽  
Made In

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple­mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.

Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) distribution has dramatically increased following sustained biological control of rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
B. D. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
European Rabbit ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Swamp Wallaby ◽  
Tiny Part

Swamp wallabies have dramatically extended their distribution through western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia over the last 40 years. Newspaper reports from 1875 onwards show that on European settlement, wallaby populations were confined to eastern Victoria, including the ranges around Melbourne, the Otway Ranges and Portland District of south-western Victoria, and a tiny part of south-eastern South Australia. Populations contracted further with intense hunting for the fur trade until the 1930s. In the late 1970s, however, wallabies began spreading into drier habitats than those initially recorded. Possible causes underlying this change in distribution are discussed; some seem unlikely but, because wallabies began spreading soon after the introduction of European rabbit fleas as vectors of myxomatosis, the cumulative effects of releases of biological agents to control rabbits appear important. A caution is given on assuming that thick vegetation in high-rainfall areas provides the only habitat suitable for swamp wallabies, but, most importantly, the study shows how native mammals may benefit if rabbit abundance is reduced.

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