Effect of incubation and rearing temperature on locomotor ability in barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff R. Carey ◽  
Craig E. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Lates Calcarifer ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Test

Temperature profoundly influences virtually all aspects of fish biology. Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790, is a catadromous fish that undergoes several migrations in its life cycle, necessitating locomotion under various thermal conditions. The present study examined the effects of varying thermal regimes on performance in juvenile L. calcarifer by determining the effects of rearing and ambient temperature on burst (Umax) and sustained (Ucrit) swimming ability. Fish were incubated at three set temperatures, 26°C (cool), 29°C (control) and 31°C (warm), from egg fertilisation until first feeding before some of the larvae were allocated to different temperatures to differentiate the effects of incubation temperature v. rearing temperature on subsequent swimming performance. Individuals incubated and reared at the cool (26°C) temperature showed significantly faster burst speeds at the 26°C test temperature than fish from any other treatment group. This indicates the ability of L. calcarifer to thermally acclimate burst swimming. However, there was no evidence that incubation temperature (as opposed to rearing temperature) affected burst or sustained swimming ability. Swimming ability was significantly affected by the test temperature, with the Umax of fish highest at the 29°C test temperature. Lower test temperatures depressed both burst and sustained swimming ability. Juvenile L. calcarifer can acclimate Umax, but swimming ability was unaffected by incubation thermal history.

The Compression Set Behavior of Nitrile Rubber

1973 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-J. Jahn ◽  
H-H. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Steep Part ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Test

Abstract The compression set (C.S.) of a vulcanizate depends on the formulation, processing, and conditions of cure. The following factors are the most important: (a) the type of elastomer, (b) the curing system, (c) the type and amount of filler, (d) the type and amount of plasticizer, (e) the type and amount of antioxidant, (f) the type of cure (press, steam, or hot air), and (g) the cure time and temperature. The present paper is intended, as far as possible, to describe these relationships quantitatively. Most tests will refer to nitrile rubber. We have modified the C.S. method described in ASTM D-395. The deviations are as follows : (1) When C.S. is plotted as a function of the duration of compression, the resulting curves rise steeply for roughly the first seven days, afterwards becoming flatter. The higher the test temperature, the steeper the curve. The ordinary compression times of 22 and 70 h still correspond to the steep part of the C.S. curve; here relatively small inaccuracies in the compression time and test temperature bring large errors in the C.S. readings. Therefore, to improve the correlation between C.S. readings and field behavior the test was extended to seven days in most cases. Longer test times would have been experimentally impractical. (2) As a rule, only C.S. figures relating to 20°, 70°, and 100° C are found in the literature, so test temperatures were extended to include practical conditions. Generally, therefore, C.S. readings were taken at twelve different temperatures ranging from −60° C to +160° C. (3) According to the standards the test pieces should be cooled to room temperature after removal of the load and before the recovery measurement is carried out. Only ASTM D-1229-62 requires the remeasurement to be taken at the load temperature. This ensures accurate measurements of the C.S. at low temperatures. In our tests this was done in every case because at high temperature the C.S. readings are lower since (1) many elastomers recover better at elevated temperatures than at room temperature and (2) the thermal expansion of the test piece can be measured in addition to the recovery. Nevertheless, the differences between remeasurements taken at room temperature and the test temperature are small if the test temperature is fairly high. Where lower test temperatures are used, the remeasurement should always be taken at test temperature if useful results are to be obtained. In all the tests the time allowed for recovery between removal of the load and the remeasurement was thirty min.

Aquatic and terrestrial locomotor performance of juvenile three-keeled pond turtles acclimated to different temperatures

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxia Xu ◽  
Wei Dang ◽  
Laigao Luo ◽  
Hongliang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Variability

Locomotion is important for behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance, and is influenced by temperature in ectotherms. To investigate this in turtles, we acclimated juvenile Chinese three-keeled pond turtles, Chinemys reevesii, under three thermal conditions for four weeks. Subsequently, we measured three locomotor performances (swimming, running, and righting) at different test temperatures. Overall, swimming and running speeds of turtles increased with increasing test temperature in the range of 13-33°C and decreased at higher test temperatures, whereas righting time decreased with increasing test temperature in the range of 13-33°C and slightly increased at higher test temperatures. Acclimation temperature affected both swimming and running speeds, with the high temperature-acclimated turtles swimming and running faster than low temperature-acclimated turtles, but it did not affect righting performance. From the constructed thermal performance curves, between-group differences were found in the estimated maximal speed (swimming and running) and optimal temperature, but not in the performance breadth. Juvenile turtles acclimated to relatively warm temperatures had better performances than those acclimated to cool temperatures, supporting the “hotter is better” hypothesis. A similar acclimatory change was found during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in juvenile C. reevesii. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that animals from less thermally variable environments should have a greater acclimatory ability than those from more variable environments, because turtles were acclimated under aquatic environments with no thermal variability.

Ability of Inactivated Yeast Powder To Adsorb Patulin from Apple Juice

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAIXIA GUO ◽  
TIANLI YUE ◽  
SHAIMAA HATAB ◽  
YAHONG YUAN
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Absolute Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Yeast Powder ◽  
Commercial Yeast ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

This study aimed to investigate the adsorption of patulin from apple juice, using two types of inactivated yeast powder: laboratory-prepared yeast powder (LYP) and commercial yeast powder (CYP). The effects of incubation time, pH, incubation temperature, adsorbent amount, and initial concentration of patulin and the stability of the yeast-mycotoxin complex were assessed. The results showed that the efficiencies of the two yeast types in adsorbing patulin were similar. The ability of the powders to remove patulin increased with longer incubation times, and patulin concentration was below detectable levels with LYP and CYP at approximately 36 and 30 h, respectively. The highest removal of patulin was achieved at pH 5.0 for both powder types, and there were no significant differences in patulin decrease at different temperatures (4, 29, and 37°C). Additionally, the adsorption percentage of patulin increased significantly with the increase of absorbent amount and decrease of initial concentration of patulin. Stability of the yeast-patulin complex was assessed, and patulin was more stable when washed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 4.0) than in absolute ethyl alcohol. These results suggest that inactivated yeast powder has potential as a novel and promising adsorbent to bind patulin effectively.

Thermal influence on the embryonic development and hatching rate of the flameback pygmy angelfish Centropyge aurantonotus eggs

Zygote ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-82
Author(s):  
Raoani Cruz Mendonça ◽  
Sarah Pittigliani Ikebata ◽  
Sérgio Leandro Araújo-Silva ◽  
João Vitor Azevedo Manhães ◽  
Mônica Yumi Tsuzuki
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Thermal Influence ◽  
Hatching Rates

SummaryThe flameback pygmy angelfish Centropyge aurantonotus, highly appreciated and valued by the aquarium market, is heavily harvested and traded. Temperature is one of the abiotic factors that has the most influence on fish development, especially in the early stages of life. For captive production, it is essential to know the appropriate environmental parameters for each species. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature on the embryonic development and hatching rates of C. aurantonotus incubated at six different temperatures (20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30°C). Embryonic development events were very similar in terms of morphological and chronological characteristics compared with other species of the genus Centropyge. Incubation time was inversely proportional to temperature. The treatment at 22°C required twice the time of that required by 30°C treatment for hatching to occur. The best incubation temperature range was 24–28°C. Values below 22°C and at 30°C showed lower hatching rates compared with other treatments. Based on these results, the recommended temperature at which to incubate C. aurantonotus eggs is between 24–28°C.

Temperature–pH effect upon germination of bacterial spores

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzaburo Ishida ◽  
Takashi Ishido ◽  
Hajime Kadota
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Ph Effect ◽  
Bacterial Spores ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Different Temperatures

Using several kinds of criteria for the germination of bacterial spores, germination–pH curves were drawn for Bacillus subtilis spores observed at different temperatures. The experiments revealed that optimum pH for spore germination was markedly changed by changing the incubation temperature; the optimum pH for germination was 7.4 at 37 °C and 5.4 at 10 °C. A possible mechanism involved in this phenomenon is discussed.

scholarly journals Acclimation temperature affects thermal reaction norms for energy reserves in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Klepsatel ◽  
Thirnahalli Nagaraj Girish ◽  
Martina Gáliková
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractOrganisms have evolved various physiological mechanisms to cope with unfavourable environmental conditions. The ability to tolerate non-optimal thermal conditions can be substantially improved by acclimation. In this study, we examined how an early-life acclimation to different temperatures (19 °C, 25 °C and 29 °C) influences thermal reaction norms for energy stores in Drosophila adults. Our results show that acclimation temperature has a significant effect on the amount of stored fat and glycogen (and their relative changes) and the optimal temperature for their accumulation. Individuals acclimated to 19 °C had, on average, more energy reserves than flies that were initially maintained at 25 °C or 29 °C. In addition, acclimation caused a shift in optimal temperature for energy stores towards acclimation temperature. We also detected significant population differences in this response. The effect of acclimation on the optimal temperature for energy stores was more pronounced in flies from the temperate climate zone (Slovakia) than in individuals from the tropical zone (India). Overall, we found that the acclimation effect was stronger after acclimation to low (19 °C) than to high (29 °C) temperature. The observed sensitivity of thermal reaction norms for energy reserves to acclimation temperature can have important consequences for surviving periods of food scarcity, especially at suboptimal temperatures.

scholarly journals Egg incubation temperature does not influence adult heat tolerance in the lizard Anolis sagrei

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20190716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex R. Gunderson ◽  
Amélie Fargevieille ◽  
Daniel A. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Anolis Sagrei ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Extreme heat events are becoming more common as a result of anthropogenic global change. Developmental plasticity in physiological thermal limits could help mitigate the consequences of thermal extremes, but data on the effects of early temperature exposure on thermal limits later in life are rare, especially for vertebrate ectotherms. We conducted an experiment that to our knowledge is the first to isolate the effect of egg (i.e. embryonic) thermal conditions on adult heat tolerance in a reptile. Eggs of the lizard Anolis sagrei were incubated under one of three fluctuating thermal regimes that mimicked natural nest environments and differed in mean and maximum temperatures. After emergence, all hatchlings were raised under common garden conditions until reproductive maturity, at which point heat tolerance was measured. Egg mortality was highest in the warmest treatment, and hatchlings from the warmest treatment tended to have greater mortality than those from the cooler treatments. Despite evidence that incubation temperatures were stressful, we found no evidence that incubation treatment influenced adult heat tolerance. Our results are consistent with a low capacity for organisms to increase their physiological heat tolerance via plasticity, and emphasize the importance of behavioural and evolutionary processes as mechanisms of resilience to extreme heat.

Movement patterns and dispersal potential of Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) revealed using otolith microchemistry

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan M. Chase ◽  
Colleen A. Caldwell ◽  
Scott A. Carleton ◽  
William R. Gould ◽  
James A. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Otolith Microchemistry ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Strontium Isotope Ratios

Natal origin and dispersal potential of the federally threatened Pecos bluntnose shiner (Notropis simus pecosensis) were successfully characterized using otolith microchemistry and swimming performance trials. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) of otoliths within the resident plains killifish (Fundulus zebrinus) were successfully used as a surrogate for strontium isotope ratios in water and revealed three isotopically distinct reaches throughout 297 km of the Pecos River, New Mexico, USA. Two different life history movement patterns were revealed in Pecos bluntnose shiner. Eggs and fry were either retained in upper river reaches or passively dispersed downriver followed by upriver movement during the first year of life, with some fish achieving a minimum movement of 56 km. Swimming ability of Pecos bluntnose shiner confirmed upper critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) as high as 43.8 cm·s−1 and 20.6 body lengths·s−1 in 30 days posthatch fish. Strong swimming ability early in life supports our observations of upriver movement using otolith microchemistry and confirms movement patterns that were previously unknown for the species. Understanding patterns of dispersal of this and other small-bodied fishes using otolith microchemistry may help redirect conservation and management efforts for Great Plains fishes.

Differences in Swimming Performance Among Strains of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Thomas ◽  
Michael J. Donahoo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Performance Profiles

Swimming performance profiles, relating fish size to swimming time, were established for three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). No differences were found in slope of regressions; only in level at each size of fish. Swimming performances of New Zealand and Sand Creek strains did not differ, but were superior to the Manchester strain. In stamina results from 189-day-old fish from individual matings of seven strains and various crosses, similar strains and crosses had closely matching profiles whereas profiles of unrelated groups were variable. Comparison of slowest, average, and fastest growing fish within the New Zealand strain showed that swimming ability was not related to growth rate.

Swimming performance of hatchling green turtles is affected by incubation temperature

Coral Reefs ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Burgess ◽  
David T. Booth ◽  
Janet M. Lanyon
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Green Turtles
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