scholarly journals The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Coombs ◽  
Denise Daley ◽  
Jan Bell ◽  
on behalf of the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
Life Threatening

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) is a collaboration of clinicians and scientists working in diagnostic medical microbiology laboratories located across Australia. The group gathers information on the level of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria causing important and life threatening infections and is a key component of Australia's response to the problem of increasing AMR. It defines where Australia stands with regard to antimicrobial resistance in human health.

Recent Review on Subclass B1 Metallo-β-lactamases Inhibitors: Sword for Antimicrobial Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Kaushik ◽  
Manish Kaushik ◽  
Viney Lather ◽  
J.S. Dua
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Powerful Strategy

An emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations, posing a global threat to human health. The production of the metallo-β-lactamase enzyme is the most powerful strategy of bacteria to produce resistance. An efficient way to combat this global health threat is the development of broad/non-specific type of metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors, which can inhibit the different isoforms of the enzyme. Till date, there are no clinically active drugs against metallo- β-lactamase. The lack of efficient drug molecules against MBLs carrying bacteria requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistance bacteria. The present review will discuss the clinically potent molecules against different variants of B1 metallo-β-lactamase.

scholarly journals A case of neck abscess caused by rare hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae, capsular type K20 and sequence type 420

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Alexander McHardy ◽  
Vathshalan Selvaganeshapillai ◽  
Priya Khanna ◽  
Ashley Michael Whittington ◽  
Jane Turton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Neck Abscess ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background This case report describes a neck abscess caused by a strain of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in a middle aged man with diabetes without a history of travel to East and South East Asia. This case report is of notable significance as Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae neck abscesses are rarely seen in the UK and are very infrequently documented in individuals who have not first travelled to the high prevalence areas of East and South East Asia. Case presentation This case report describes a 53 year old diabetic man who contracted a Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae neck abscess which led to the development of sepsis. Klebsiella pneumoniae was cultured from blood cultures and fluid aspirated from the abscess grew the pathogen with same antimicrobial susceptibility. Hypervirulence was demonstrated after the samples were analysed, at the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit Public Health England Colindale, and found to contain the K20 (rmp)A and rmpA2 virulence genes. Discussion Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, encapsulated, non-motile bacillus notable for its ability to metastatically spread and cause potentially life threatening infections in otherwise healthy adults, but especially in those with diabetes. Genes responsible for the production of hyperviscous mucoid polysaccharide capsules and siderophores, such as those isolated in this case, enable the bacteria to more efficiently evade the hosts immune system and disseminate and invade surrounding and distant tissues. Data from Public Health England shows Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae are rare in the UK. A review of current literature also showed Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae almost exclusively occur in those who have traveled to East and South East Asia. Conclusions This case reported a rare Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae neck abscess outside of, and without travel to, East and South East Asia. This raises concerns about future, potentially life threatening, Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae infections becoming more widespread without the need for endemic travel. This concern is further exacerbated by the growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. 12887-12895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Baker ◽  
David J. Payne ◽  
Rino Rappuoli ◽  
Ennio De Gregorio
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Bacterial Outer Membrane

Bacterial infections have been traditionally controlled by antibiotics and vaccines, and these approaches have greatly improved health and longevity. However, multiple stakeholders are declaring that the lack of new interventions is putting our ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections at risk. Vaccine and antibiotic approaches still have the potential to address this threat. Innovative vaccine technologies, such as reverse vaccinology, novel adjuvants, and rationally designed bacterial outer membrane vesicles, together with progress in polysaccharide conjugation and antigen design, have the potential to boost the development of vaccines targeting several classes of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, new approaches to deliver small-molecule antibacterials into bacteria, such as hijacking active uptake pathways and potentiator approaches, along with a focus on alternative modalities, such as targeting host factors, blocking bacterial virulence factors, monoclonal antibodies, and microbiome interventions, all have potential. Both vaccines and antibacterial approaches are needed to tackle the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and both areas have the underpinning science to address this need. However, a concerted research agenda and rethinking of the value society puts on interventions that save lives, by preventing or treating life-threatening bacterial infections, are needed to bring these ideas to fruition.

scholarly journals Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance amongSalmonella entericaIsolates from Patients at an Equine Referral Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
pp. e02829-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Leon ◽  
S. D. Lawhon ◽  
K. N. Norman ◽  
D. S. Threadgill ◽  
N. Ohta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Common Serotypes

ABSTRACTAlthoughSalmonella entericacan produce life-threatening colitis in horses, certain serotypes are more commonly associated with clinical disease. Our aim was to evaluate the proportional morbidity attributed to different serotypes, as well as the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ofSalmonellaisolates from patients at an equine referral hospital in the southern United States. A total of 255Salmonellaisolates was obtained from clinical samples of patients admitted to the hospital between 2007 and 2015. Phenotypic resistance to 14 antibiotics surveilled by the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System was determined using a commercially available panel. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify serotypes and genotypic AMR. The most common serotypes wereSalmonella entericaserotype Newport (18%),Salmonella entericaserotype Anatum (15.2%), andSalmonella entericaserotype Braenderup (11.8%). Most (n= 219) of the isolates were pansusceptible, while 25 were multidrug resistant (≥3 antimicrobial classes). Genes encoding beta-lactam resistance, such asblaCMY-2,blaSHV-12,blaCTX-M-27, andblaTEM-1B, were detected. TheqnrB2 andaac(6′)-Ib-crgenes were present in isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Genes encoding resistance to gentamicin (aph(3′)-Ia,aac(6′)-IIc), streptomycin (strA andstrB), sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprim (dfrA), phenicols (catA), tetracyclines [tet(A) andtet(E)], and macrolides [ere(A)] were also identified. The main predicted incompatibility plasmid type was I1 (10%). Core genome-based analyses revealed phylogenetic associations between isolates of common serotypes. The presence of AMRSalmonellain equine patients increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment and causes concern for potential zoonotic transmission to attending veterinary personnel, animal caretakers, and horse owners. Understanding the epidemiology ofSalmonellain horses admitted to referral hospitals is important for the prevention, control, and treatment of salmonellosis.IMPORTANCEIn horses, salmonellosis is a leading cause of life-threatening colitis. At veterinary teaching hospitals, nosocomial outbreaks can increase the risk of zoonotic transmission, lead to restrictions on admissions, impact hospital reputation, and interrupt educational activities. The antimicrobials most often used in horses are included in the 5th revision of the World Health Organization's list of critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated a trend of increasing bacterial resistance to drugs commonly used to treatSalmonellainfections. In this study, we identify temporal trends in the distribution ofSalmonellaserotypes and their mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance; furthermore, we are able to determine the likely origin of several temporal clusters of infection by using whole-genome sequencing. These data can be used to focus strategies to better contain the dissemination and enhance the mitigation ofSalmonellainfections and to provide evidence-based policies and guidelines to steward antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Unknown Risk on the Farm: Does Agricultural Use of Ionophores Contribute to the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance?

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wong
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Agricultural Use

ABSTRACT Ionophores are the second most widely used class of antibiotic in agriculture, with over 4 million kilograms sold in the United States in 2016. Because ionophores are not used in humans, it is widely assumed that their agricultural use will not impact human health. Consequently, these drugs have not been subject to the same regulations as medically important antibiotics. Here, I argue that the current evidence base is insufficient to conclude that ionophores do not contribute to human relevant antimicrobial resistance. It is unclear whether ionophore resistance can result in cross-resistance to medically important antibiotics. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that ionophore use may coselect for resistance to vancomycin in some cases. Systematic investigation of the consequences of agricultural ionophore use for human health is therefore imperative.

scholarly journals AN IMPLICATION OF ACTINOMYCETES ON HUMAN WELL-BEING: A REVIEW

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
ALI MOHAMMED ABDULLAH BAWAZIR ◽  
PALAKSHA ◽  
MANJULA SHANTARAM ◽  
MANJULA SHANTARAM
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
All Diseases

This review conceptualizes about the actinomycetes and its contribution to human health by playing a key role as bioactive secondary metabolites, such as enzymes, antibiotics and pigments, leading to their diverse applications and use in various industries. These searches have been uncommonly successful, and around 66% of naturally happening antibiotics, including many medically important, have been isolated from actinomycetes. The speedy occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens has led to a renewed interest to search for novel antimicrobial agents, but these antibiotics are not enough for the treatment of all diseases because there is a berserk requirement for a novel actinomycetes to combat against the antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, which are quickly expanding bit by bit. Actinomycetes are the important providers to the pharmaceutical and other industries and are well known for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites many of which are active against pathogenic microorganisms.

scholarly journals The livestock reservoir for antimicrobial resistance: a personal view on changing patterns of risks, effects of interventions and the way forward

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1670) ◽  
pp. 20140085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Aarestrup
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Changing Patterns

The purpose of this review was to provide an updated overview on the use of antimicrobial agents in livestock, the associated problems for humans and current knowledge on the effects of reducing resistance in the livestock reservoir on both human health and animal production. There is still limiting data on both use of antimicrobial agents, occurrence and spread of resistance as well as impact on human health. However, in recent years, emerging issues related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Clostridium difficile , Escherichia coli and horizontally transferred genes indicates that the livestock reservoir has a more significant impact on human health than was estimated 10 years ago, where the focus was mainly on resistance in Campylobacter and Salmonella . Studies have indicated that there might only be a marginal if any benefit from the regular use of antibiotics and have shown that it is possible to substantially reduce the use of antimicrobial agents in livestock production without compromising animal welfare or health or production. In some cases, this should be done in combination with other measures such as biosecurity and use of vaccines. To enable better studies on both the global burden and the effect of interventions, there is a need for global harmonized integrated and continuous surveillance of antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance, preferably associated with data on production and animal diseases to determine the positive and negative impact of reducing antimicrobial use in livestock.

Virulotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Typing ofSalmonella entericaSerovars Relevant to Human Health in Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Huehn ◽  
Roberto M. La Ragione ◽  
Muna Anjum ◽  
Mark Saunders ◽  
Martin J. Woodward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health
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