scholarly journals Pathogens in recycled water: are they measurable?

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Helen Stratton ◽  
Ben Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
The Past ◽  
Managing Risk

In developed countries water managers are constantly under pressure to provide the clean and safe water. Traditionally, and for at least the past 100 years, the management of biological water quality has relied on the use of microbial indicator organisms to assess the potential risk of water-borne disease. However, over the past few years, there have been a number of critical reviews of guidelines and standards for managing risk in water storage, treatment and supply. International, national and state agencies have initiated these reviews and have all generally agreed that technology for alternative methods, in place of the use of indicator organisms for risk assessment of microbial water quality, has not advanced to point where there is an obvious replacement. However, even in the last 3 years, improvements in genetic techniques, such as real-time quantitative PCR and DNA microarrays are making advances that may allow us to consider alternatives to using indicator organisms in the foreseeable future. Here we present the issues and pros and cons associated with the use of indicator organisms compared to the use of molecular biology approaches for microbial risk management in recycled water. The current state of the legislation and guidelines is also discussed.

scholarly journals Health Tourism And Ayurveda: A Review Article

The Healer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Dr. Renu Khayamali ◽  
Rameswori Khayamali
Keyword(s):  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Spiritual Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Health Tourism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Concept

Health tourism is a broad concept which covers all aspects related to health oriented tourism in all level of prevention. Health tourism refers to people travelling to a country other than their own to obtain medical treatment. In the past this usually refers to those who travelled from less-developed countries to major medical centered highly developed countries. Because of the globalization of the medical system the trend is changing now. The world is recognizing the merit of Ayurveda which offers prevention of various diseases as well as cure for several diseases. Advancement in health knowledge make people realize the need of maintaining the physical as well as mental and spiritual health. So people are seeking many alternative methods which are free from side effects as well as chemical free. Ayurveda is the best alternative for the same with panchakarma, yoga, dhyana and pathyaapathya as its unique concept. Ayurveda is holistic system of medicine that deals with the body, mind and spirit of a person. Because of these peculiar features in Ayurveda, Ayurveda has bigger scope to become the best alternative for health tourism. This article will focus on the scope and significance of Ayurveda in health tourism.

Microbial risk assessment of drinking water to set health-based performance targets to improve water quality and treatment plant operations

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shea ◽  
J. Poon ◽  
S. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk

Western Water (WW) provides water, recycled water and wastewater services to almost 150,000 people whilst continuously striving to improve processes to provide its customers with safe, cost effective and reliable drinking water, recycled water and treatment services. Under this framework of continuous improvement, WW has reviewed the effectiveness of its drinking water treatment systems using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) techniques described by the World Health Organization (WHO). The microbial-related water quality targets in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2011) National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra are simply ‘to ensure that drinking water is free of microorganisms that can cause disease’. Whereas, the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling adopted the WHO QMRA approach for setting health-based microbial targets to manage health risk to customers. WW has investigated adopting the AGWR methodology for drinking water risk management, and invested in the development of a convenient and practical QMRA tool for rapid assessment and reporting of the microbial safety of its drinking water systems. This action resulted in the identification of several drinking water system performance deficiencies, and recommendations for system improvements and optimization to improve health risk management to customers.

Vitamin A: dietologist’s position

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
S. V. Orlova ◽  
E. A. Nikitina ◽  
L. I. Karushina ◽  
Yu. A. Pigaryova ◽  
O. E. Pronina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Vitamin A (retinol) is one of the key elements for regulating the immune response and controls the division and differentiation of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchopulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, eyes, etc. Its significance in the context of the COVID‑19 pandemic is difficult to overestimate. However, a number of studies conducted in the past have associated the additional intake of vitamin A with an increased risk of developing cancer, as a result of which vitamin A was practically excluded from therapeutic practice in developed countries. Our review highlights the role of vitamin A in maintaining human health and the latest data on its effect on the development mechanisms of somatic pathology.

Investigating Applicability of the Meshfree Method to the Structural Analysis of Tires

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-82
Author(s):  
Ken Ishihara ◽  
Takehiro Noda ◽  
Hiroyuki Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Meshfree Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Academic Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Tire Modeling ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Conducting Research

ABSTRACT In contrast to the finite element method (FEM), which is widely used in the tire industry nowadays, some alternative methods have been proposed by academic communities over the past decade or so. The meshfree method is one of those new methodologies. Originally intended to remove the burden of creating the mesh that is inherent in FEM, the meshfree method relies on the point data rather than the mesh, which makes it much easier to discretize the geometry. In addition to those modeling issues, it has been found that the meshfree method has several advantages over FEM in handling geometrical nonlinearities, continuities, and so forth. In accordance with those emerging possibilities, the authors have been conducting research on the matter. This article describes the results of the authors' preliminary research on the applicability of the meshfree method to tire analyses, which include the theoretical outline, the strategy of tire modeling, numerical results, comparisons with results of FEM, and conclusions.

A summary of beach nourishment in China: The past decade of practices

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Gen Liu ◽  
Feng Cai ◽  
Hongshuai Qi ◽  
Jianhui Liu ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beach Nourishment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Urban Beaches

Beach nourishment has been widely used for beach protection around the world. However, there is limited information about beach nourishment in China. This study offers an overview of beach nourishment practices, status and technological advances in China, based on the literature, reports, and personal communications. The results demonstrate that beach nourishment has been recognized as an effective and environmentally friendly measure to combat coastal erosion and has been increasingly adopted in China, especially in the past decade. The unique characteristics of coastal China resulted in a difference in beach nourishment between China and Western developed countries in terms of the types, objectives, and shapes of beach nourishment. For the types of nourishments in China, there were approximately the same number of restored beaches and newly constructed beaches. For fill sediment, homogeneous fill and heterogeneous fill comprised 51.1% and 48.9% of projects, respectively. The objective of beach nourishment was mainly to promote coastal tourism, and the shape of nourished beaches was dominated by headland bays. This study also indicated that China has achieved a number of technological advances in beach nourishment, including methods of beach nourishment on severely eroded coasts and muddy coasts, an optimized design of drain pipes involved in urban beaches, and ecological design considerations. From the past decade of practices, four aspects were proposed as considerations for future nourishment: sand sources, technique advances, ecological effects, and management of beach nourishments.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

Statehood and the State-Like in International Law

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Peremptory Norms ◽  
Legal Sense

If the term were given its literal meaning, international law would be law between ‘nations’. It is often described instead as being primarily between states. But this conceals the diversity of the nations or state-like entities that have personality in international law or that have had it historically. This book reconceptualizes statehood by positioning it within that wider family of state-like entities. An important conclusion of the book is that states themselves have diverse legal underpinnings. Practice in cases such as Somalia and broader principles indicate that international law provides not one but two alternative methods of qualifying as a state: subject to exceptions connected with territorial integrity and peremptory norms, an entity can be a state either on the ground that it meets criteria of effectiveness or on the ground that it is recognized by all other states. Another conclusion is that states, in the strict legal sense in which the word is used today, have never been the only state-like entities with personality in international law. Others from the past and present include imperial China in the period when it was unreceptive to Western norms; pre-colonial African chiefdoms; ‘states-in-context’, an example of which may be Palestine, which have the attributes of statehood relative to states that recognize them; and entities such as Hong Kong.

scholarly journals IoT based Smart Passenger Surveillance System for Airport

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
T. P.Deepa ◽  
Dr Pradeepa.P
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Airport Security ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remote Station ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Airport security system is mandatory in all developing and developed countries. The major threat to any country’s economy, health and development is targeted and transported via airports which are evident from the past historical examples. The developments in Science and Technology have improved the methods of surveillance but failed to address few key health issues including privacy. The main objective of this paper is to develop a smart IOT based surveillance systems that is implemented in airport in smart screening without causing any unpleasant disturbances to the passengers. This paper makes use of the recently developed smart sensors, Tiva processor from Texas instruments connected via IOT and cloud and a remote station to effectively secure the airport area and overcoming all the real time challenges. 

Culture of larval spiny lobsters: a review of work done in northern Japan

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Kittaka
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Spiny Lobsters ◽  
Phyllosoma Larvae ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Plankton Feeders ◽  
Palinurus Elephas ◽  
Northern Japan

The method developed over the past decade in northern Japan to culture phyllosoma larvae of five species of principally cool-temperate spiny lobsters combines the features of upwelling water, co- cultured microalgae, and use of mussel gonad as food. The feeding behaviour of the phyllosomas shows that they are primarily predators with the pereiopods and secondarily plankton feeders with the maxillipeds and maxillae. Recent work has shown that contamination of culture water by microorganisms such as the fouling protozoans Vorticellaspp. can greatly reduce phyllosoma survival. The significance of co-cultures of microalgae in maintaining water quality is not yet fully understood. Newly hatched lavae of sailfin sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) is an excellent food for late-stage phyllosomas of Jasus verreauxi. About 5% of J. verreauxi phyllosomas metamorphosed into pueruli. Mortality during the puerulus stage was reduced by increasing the capacity of the culture tanks from 30 L to 100 L. A single Palinurus elephas phyllosoma raised in co-culture with diatoms and fed mussel gonad and A. japonicus larvae metamorphosed into a puerulus in 65 days after seven moults.

What is an Ecodisaster?

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Cloudsley-Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World Population ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Deterioration ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Catastrophe ◽  
Near Future

The term ‘ecodisaster’ may be defined as ‘a global catastrophe of the human species’. Any ecodisasters occurring in the near future will, almost certainly, be caused, directly or indirectly, by the present overpopulation of the world, accompanied by unwise and irresponsible disregard of environmental deterioration.The suggestion is made here that Man's first and, it is to be hoped, last, ecodisaster may already have begun. Although not dramatic, it is taking the form of a steady decline in the standard of living nearly everywhere, coupled with massive pollution, and widespread malnutrition in the under-developed countries of the world. It will persist until world population eventually becomes adjusted to environmental resources.It is ironical that control of the pests and diseases which have inflicted so much misery on mankind in the past, should have helped to engender the present population explosion with all the hunger and privation that accompany it in the under-developed regions of the world.

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