scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine ? issues and controversies from an Australian perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D Barton
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters ◽  
The Eu

Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary isolates came to renewed prominence in the late 1990s in response to the recognition of an association between the use of avoparcin as a growth promotant in livestock feeds and vanA vancomycin resistance in enterococcal pathogens in humans 1. Since then there have been many regulatory changes in many countries that have resulted in a reduction in use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in livestock feeds. The EU has banned the use of most growth promoters and in Australia post-JETACAR avoparcin (a glycopeptide) has been voluntarily withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer (in 2000), recommendations have been made to restrict the use of virginiamycin (a streptogrammin) to a prescription-only medicine for treatment and prevention of some specific conditions, and a review of macrolide AGPs is in the wings. In addition, many of the industries have voluntarily reduced or ceased their use of some of these products. For example, the pig industry stopped use of avoparcin in 1997 and the use of virginiamycin has been curtailed in the meat chicken industry.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Association with Toxin Determinants in Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Bai Wei ◽  
Se-Yeoun Cha ◽  
Jun-Feng Zhang ◽  
Ke Shang ◽  
Hae-Chul Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the present study was to investigate variation in antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) isolated from chickens after withdrawal of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs); and to investigate the correlation between the presence of toxin genes (cpb2, netB, and tpeL) and antimicrobial resistance. Altogether, 162 isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from chickens displaying clinical signs of necrotic enteritis (n = 65) and from healthy chickens (n = 97) in Korea during 2010–2016. Compared to before AGP withdrawal, increased antimicrobial resistance or MIC50/MIC90 value was observed for nine antimicrobials including penicillin, tetracycline, tylosin, erythromycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, monensin, salinomycin, and maduramycin. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher resistance to gentamicin, clindamycin, and virginiamycin was found in isolates from chickens with necrotic enteritis compared to those from healthy chickens. tpeL gene was not detected in C. perfringens isolates from healthy chickens. A correlation between toxin gene prevalence and antibiotic resistance was found in the C. perfringens isolates. Because the usage of antimicrobials may contribute to the selection of both resistance and toxin genes, these can potentially make it challenging to control antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic colonies. Therefore, a more complete understanding of the interplay between resistance and virulence genes is required.

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from food animals to antimicrobial growth promoters and related therapeutic agents in Denmark

Apmis ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 106 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 606-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK MØLLER AARESTRUP ◽  
FLEMMING BAGER ◽  
NIELS EINAR JENSEN ◽  
MOGENS MADSEN ◽  
ANDERS MEYLING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters ◽  
Food Animals

scholarly journals Development of antibiotic resistance and options to replace antimicrobials in animal diets

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud Erik ◽  
Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters ◽  
Experimental Challenge ◽  
The Eu

As there is a risk of developing antibiotic resistance, a number of commonly-used antimicrobial growth promoters have been banned in the EU member states. This decision has put new emphasis on using the diet to control enteric bacterial infections of pigs. Dietary carbohydrates constitute a major proportion of diets for pigs, and the carbohydrate fraction has a diverse composition, with different properties in the gastrointestinal tract, some of which are of importance to gut health. Findings from different studies indicate that dietary carbohydrate composition influences the expression of swine dysentery and infection with nematode worms after experimental challenge withBrachyspira hyodesenteriaeandOesophagostumum dentatumrespectively. In both cases the type, amount and physico-chemical properties of the carbohydrates entering the large intestine played an important role in the infection, and emerging data suggest a synergism between different porcine pathogens. There is also increasing evidence that the feed structure, which relates to the type of plant material in the diet and the way it is processed, can be used to reduceSalmonellaprevalence at the herd level. However, it should be stressed that using the diet to manage gut health is not straightforward, since the expression of a pathogen in many cases requires the presence of other components of the commensal biota.

The effects and mechanisms of acids on the health of piglets and weaners – a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowak ◽  
Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska ◽  
Andrzej Frankiewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Inorganic Acids ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe rearing of piglets is the most difficult period in the pigs’ production because of their poorly developed digestive system and the low activity of digestive enzymes. Problems in nutrition and stress cause some disorders in the functioning of the digestive system leading to diarrhea and the mortality of piglets. Starting in 2006 in the EU, a total ban on antibiotics in their use as growth promoters was introduced. Since then, new and safe feed additives have been sought in order to replace antibiotics. Organic and inorganic acids as well as their salts were recognized as effective and safe additives. Due to their properties, they can improve feed palatability and digestibility, reduce the buffer capacity of feed, impact the development and functioning of the pig’s digestive system and improve the health and growth parameters. However, the effectiveness of acids is related to their qualitative and quantitative share in the feed additive. In this review, some strategies for using organic acids, their mixtures and also some new multi-component products will be discussed.

Note on the regulation of veterinary medical devices in the EU: A review of the current situation and its impact on animal health and safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
H Potockova ◽  
P Kusnierik ◽  
J Dohnal
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Health And Safety Risks ◽  
The Eu

Medical devices form a large heterogeneous group of products ranging from simple tools to medical testing and implants, the safety and efficacy of which are strictly regulated in all developed countries. Thanks to the health and cost benefits, medical devices have also found their way into veterinary medicine but, surprisingly, the regulation of these products is far less complex or, in some cases, missing altogether. Given the complexity and potential hazards of certain veterinary devices, the current state of affairs may lead to health and safety risks, both for animals and personnel involved. This review is the first to systematically map the current situation in the EU, revealing health and safety risks in practice for both animals and personnel involved and discussing them in a broader context. Only six out of the EU's 28 member states (Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, and Slovakia) were found to have at least a degree of regulation of veterinary devices. As a result, a single product may be regulated as a veterinary medicinal product, a veterinary medical device or not be regulated at all, depending on the particular EU member state in question. As things stand, veterinary medicine makes use of all kinds of medical devices, including human products, regardless of their regulatory status and (pre-market) control. However, the use of such devices may influence the health and well-being of animals. Several measures are therefore suggested to attain the required levels of safety and efficacy surveillance for veterinary medical devices without creating excessive administration.

scholarly journals Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6566-6576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa S. Diarra ◽  
Fred G. Silversides ◽  
Fatoumata Diarrassouba ◽  
Jane Pritchard ◽  
Luke Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Feed Supplementation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Class 1

ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.

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