scholarly journals From little things big things grow: karrikins and new directions in plant development

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
New Directions

Karrikins are a family of compounds generated via the incomplete combustion of plant matter. Since their discovery as seed germination stimulants in 2004, a great deal has been learned about the chemistry and the biological mode of action of karrikins. Much interest and progress have stemmed from the structural similarity of karrikins to that of strigolactones – the shoot branching hormone. This review will provide a historical account of some of the more significant discoveries in this area of plant biology. It will discuss how the study of these abiotic signalling molecules, combined with advances in our understanding of strigolactones, has led us towards the discovery of new mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development.

Plant extracellular matrix metalloproteinases

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry S. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
And Function

The plant extracellular matrix (ECM) includes a variety of proteins with critical roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to pests and pathogens. Several studies have shown that various ECM proteins undergo proteolytic modification. In mammals, the extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known modifiers of the ECM, implicated in tissue architecture changes and the release of biologically active and/or signalling molecules. Although plant MMPs have been identified, little is known about their activity and function. Plant MMPs show structural similarity to mammalian MMPs, including the presence of an auto-regulatory cysteine switch domain and a zinc-binding catalytic domain. Plant MMPs are differentially expressed in cells and tissues during plant growth and development, as well as in response to several biotic and abiotic stresses. The few gene expression and mutant analyses to date indicate their involvement in plant growth, morphogenesis, senescence and adaptation and response to stress. In order to gain a further understanding of their function, an analysis and characterisation of MMP proteins, their activity and their substrates during plant growth and development are still required. This review describes plant MMP work to date, as well as the variety of genomic and proteomic methodologies available to characterise plant MMP activity, function and potential substrates.

scholarly journals Comparing and Contrasting the Multiple Roles of Butenolide Plant Growth Regulators: Strigolactones and Karrikins in Plant Development and Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yang ◽  
Yuke Lian ◽  
Chongying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Matter

Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones.

scholarly journals Хранение семенного картофеля с использованием химических и физических методов воздействия на клубни

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Maltsev ◽  
D.V. Abrosimov ◽  
O.V. Abashkin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Seed Potato ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Number Of Stems

Отражены результаты исследований влияния фитогормона этилена и гамма-облучения 60Co на интенсивность прорастания семенных клубней картофеля, рост и развитие растений, число стеблей и клубней на куст, урожайность и структуру урожая. Обработка семенных клубней картофеля этиленом позволила увеличить общую урожайность картофеля в зависимости от сорта, района выращивания и применения орошения на 9,9–19,0% (1,2–6,4 т/га).The article reveals the results of studies the phytohormone ethylene and gamma-irradiation (60Co) and its influence on seed germination, plant growth and development, number of stems and tubers per plant, yield and structure of yield. Treatment of seed potato tubers with ethylene allowed to increase the total yield of potatoes depending on the variety, area of cultivation and application of irrigation by 9.9–19.0% (1.2–6.4 t/ha).

scholarly journals Function and regulation of phospholipid signalling in plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 421 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Wei Xue ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Yu Mei
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Hormone Effects ◽  
Messenger Molecule ◽  
Phospholipid Signalling

As an important metabolic pathway, phosphatidylinositol metabolism generates both constitutive and signalling molecules that are crucial for plant growth and development. Recent studies using genetic and molecular approaches reveal the important roles of phospholipid molecules and signalling in multiple processes of higher plants, including root growth, pollen and vascular development, hormone effects and cell responses to environmental stimuli plants. The present review summarizes the current progress in our understanding of the functional mechanism of phospholipid signalling, with an emphasis on the regulation of Ins(1,4,5)P3–Ca2+ oscillation, the second messenger molecule phosphatidic acid and the cytoskeleton.

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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